Test Bank For Principles of Development 6th Edition By
Lewis Wolpert; Cheryll Tickle; Alfonso Martinez Arias
Primary Organizer - ANSWER Which region of the embryo directs the development
of the rest?
Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold - ANSWER Tissue induction using salamander
embryos
what part of a salamander embryo directs development? - ANSWER the dorsal lip
controls the rest of salamander development
why did Hilde Mangold not recieve a nobel prize? - ANSWER she died in an
accident involving burns from a home gas heater accident
Developmental Biology - ANSWER the study of the complete development of an
individual from fertilization to death
What is the "big question" of Developmental Biology? - ANSWER How does a single
cell become a multicellular organism?
Who said that "Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny"? - ANSWER Ernst Haekel
What does "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" mean? - ANSWER the idea that
states that as an embryo develops, it will go from looking like a "lower organism" to a
"higher organism"
What did Ernst Haeckel do that was SO bad? - ANSWER He falsified data to prove
his point
Preformation - ANSWER the entire organism was in a miniaturized version within a
sperm or egg
Epigenesis - ANSWER egg has building material while sperm activates the egg
what is the Hierarchy of developmental decisions? - ANSWER Cellular number and
diversity happen sequentially
how is cell fate determined? - ANSWER specification (what are you supposed to be)
and induction
what portion of cell fate is irreversible? - ANSWER induction
oocyte maturation - ANSWER Early egg development
morphogenetic determinants - ANSWER transcription and inducing factors, direct
activation and repress genes at the right time
, timing of fertilization - ANSWER highly variable with regard to oocyte maturation
sperm requirements for egg development - ANSWER sperm is not always required
Fertilization - ANSWER Combination of male and female gametes and genes that
restores diploid chromosomal status
Species specific recognition proteins - ANSWER prevent fertilization by another
species (postmating, prezygotic isolating mechanism)
In what animals are species specific recognition proteins most important? -
ANSWER aquatic animals with external fertilization
polyspermy - ANSWER Fertilization of an oocyte by more than one sperm
Polyspermy blockage - ANSWER fast block and slow block
polyspermy fast block - ANSWER electrical potential charge change in egg
membrane (once oocyte is fertilized, it won't let another sperm in)
polyspermy slow block - ANSWER -a cortical reaction in which thousands of
enzyme capsules release their contents between the egg membrane and vitellene
envelope.
-creates an osmotic gradient, water rushes in, washes sperm away.
-later causes vitellene membrane to harden and physically block sperm
why do we use sea urchins to study fertilization? - ANSWER -Easy to find, cheap
-External fertilization, easy in lab
-transparent embryos
-Historically, used by Aristotle
what is the white fluid released by a sea urchin? - ANSWER sperm
what is the reddish brown fluid released by a sea urchin? - ANSWER eggs
Blastomeres - ANSWER small cells produced by cleavage during early development
polarity of blastomeres - ANSWER Animal pole and vegetal pole
What is the significance of the African Clod Frog? - ANSWER "the pregnancy frog"
Urine was placed under skin of frog, if a woman was pregnant, the frog would
release eggs
Types of yolk distribution - ANSWER Isolecithal, mesolecithal, telolecithal,
centrolecithal
Isolecithal - ANSWER Very little yolk, evenly distributed (sea urchin)
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