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: BIOS251 / BIOS 251 (Latest Update 2024 / 2025) Anatomy & Physiology I with Lab |

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: BIOS251 / BIOS 251 (Latest Update 2024 / 2025) Anatomy & Physiology I with Lab |

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  • September 10, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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lab Practicum: BIOS251 / BIOS 251 (Latest Update 2024
/ 2025) Anatomy & Physiology I with Lab |

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic both have - ANSWER the cell membrane (also called
the plasma membrane), ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA

Cells - ANSWER Cells are the basic building block of life.
Our bodies are made of approximately three trillion cells

Bacteria are - ANSWER prokaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes are always unicellular

Cytoskeleton - ANSWER is what gives our cells shape and protection

Human Cells are made up of - ANSWER The cytoskeleton is what gives our cells
shape and protection.
The plasma (cell) membrane is the outer layer of cells made of the phospholipid
bilayer embedded with protein channels.
Cytoplasm is the dense liquid that fills a cell and stores carbohydrates, organelles,
and enzymes. This is found between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
Cytosol is the liquid part of the cytoplasm.
The nucleus is the double-membraned enclosed organelle that stores your DNA.

Gamete (sex) cells - ANSWER the sperm in the male and
the ovum (egg) in the female

Somatic (body) cells - ANSWER Examples: red blood cells (RBC), epithelial cells,
nerve cells, bone cells, muscle cells

Where does protein synthesis take place? - ANSWER The ribosome is the site of
protein synthesis.

Karyon, Pro, Eu means - ANSWER "Karyon" means "nucleus."
"Pro" means "before."
"Eu" means "after."

Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport of large molecules (glucose, for
example) requiring the aid of a carrier protein - ANSWER True
Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein to move a large substance (glucose, for
example) down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process; no cellular energy is required

Where are peripheral membrane proteins located? - ANSWER Peripheral proteins:
are attached to one layer (to the inner layer or outer layer of the membrane) of the
membrane (penetrate the membrane only partially).

Integral proteins (transmembrane proteins): are attached permanently to the
membrane and span the bilayer. "Trans" means across

, plasma membrane - ANSWER barrier protecting the cell's inner content from the
extracellular environment

The plasma membrane anchors the cytoskeleton and shapes the cell, as well as
allowing for cellular communication

phospholipid bilayer that regulates the transport of molecules into and out of the cell
- ANSWER passive transport: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion
or
active transport: Requires ATP

Integral proteins - ANSWER are attached permanently to the membrane and span
the bilayer

Peripheral proteins - ANSWER attached to one layer (to the inner layer or outer
layer of the membrane) of the membrane (penetrate the membrane only partially)
and can provide additional stability or perform functions such as cell signaling

Channel Proteins - ANSWER allow specific ions to cross the plasma membrane
from one side to the other. Ion channels can be selective for a single ion type or
nonselective, permitting multiple ions to pass through. Additionally, channel proteins
can facilitate water movement.

Examples: Sodium ion channels and potassium ion channels

Carrier/Transporter Proteins - ANSWER transport specific substances from one
side of the plasma membrane to the other.

Example: Glucose transporter

Receptor Proteins - ANSWER recognize and bind to specific molecules known as
ligands, causing cellular function to change.

Example: Epinephrine receptors, G protein-coupled receptor

Cell Identity Markers - ANSWER allow a cell to be identified and distinguished from
others. They also enable foreign cells to be recognized.

Examples: Major histocompatibility proteins and blood type markers

Na+/K+ ATPase - ANSWER transmembrane pump, known as the Na+/K+ ATPase
pump, maintains the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions across
the plasma membrane. ATP is required to move these ions because they are being
pumped against their concentration gradient

Gap Junction Proteins - ANSWER Form a connection between two cells'
cytoplasms, allowing various molecules and ions to pass between them freely.
Gap junctions are made of Connexin protein

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