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BSNS 112 MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM
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BSNS 112 MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM
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BSNS 112 MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAMQuantitative data - ANSWER Data that is numerical e.g. age, always has a mean
Discrete data - ANSWER Numerical data measured in specific values e.g. number of
students in a class
Continous data - ANSWER Numerical data that can be measured in an infinite
number of values e.g. height, age, time. Associated with measurements
Qualitative data - ANSWER Measured by the number of people that exist within a
group or category, has proportions (proportion of people that fit within a certain
category) e.g. proportion of people in Dunedin that are from the North Island
Ordinal data - ANSWER Categorical data that conveys a ranking e.g. clothes sizes
Nominal data - ANSWER Categorical data that conveys no ranking, categories are
just labels e.g. ethnicity
Cross Tabulation - ANSWER Compares a categorical variable with another
categorical variable - table
Scatter plot - ANSWER Compares a numerical value with another numerical value
Frequency table - ANSWER Analyses one categorical variable
Stacked/Clustered bar chart - ANSWER Compares one categorical variable with
another categorical variable - chart
Relative frequency histogram - ANSWER Compares one categorical variable with a
numerical variable
Mean - ANSWER Simple average
Median - ANSWER Middle value
Mode - ANSWER Most common value
Trimmed mean - ANSWER Average calculated when most extreme 5% of data is cut
out
Range - ANSWER Max - min
Interquartile range - ANSWER Middle 50%
Variance - ANSWER Measure of spread of data around the mean, equal to standard
deviation squared
, Standard deviation - ANSWER Square root of variance, bigger standard deviation
means narrower graph
Coefficient of variation - ANSWER Compares variability between groups with
different magnitudes
Positive skewness - ANSWER To the right, mean > median > mode
Negative skewness - ANSWER To the left, mode > median > mean
Significantly skewed - ANSWER Skewness more than twice the standard error
Kurtosis - ANSWER Measure of extent to which observations cluster around a
central point
Kurtosis of normal distribution - ANSWER Kurtosis statistic is zero
Positive kurtosis - ANSWER Data clusters more in centre - narrow peak
Negative kurtosis - ANSWER Data clusters less in centre - wider peak
Covariance - ANSWER Measure of co-movement between variables
Positive covariance - ANSWER Two variables move in same direction
Negative covariance - ANSWER Two variables move in opposite direction
Correlation coefficient - ANSWER Measure of linear relationship between two
variables, co-variance scaled to equal a value between -1 and +1
Positive correlation coefficient - ANSWER Two variables move in same linear
direction
Negative correlation coefficient - ANSWER Two variables move in opposite linear
direction
Covariance is zero - ANSWER No relationship between variables
Population - ANSWER Whole collection of things under consideration
Sample - ANSWER Portion of the population selected for analysis
Parameter - ANSWER Summary measure that describes a characteristic of the
population
Statistic - ANSWER Summary measure computed that describes a characteristic of
the sample
Primary data - ANSWER Data gathered yourself
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