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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2024
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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2024
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ESTUDYADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
### CAD Risk Factors
**1. What are non-modifiable risk factors for CAD?**
- A) Smoking, high cholesterol, and diabetes
- B) Age, genetic disposition, and family history
- C) Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and high blood pressure
- D) High triglycerides, male gender, and estrogen use
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) Age, genetic disposition, and family history
---
**2. Which of the following are CAD risk factors?**
- A) Age over 55, male gender, smoking, and diabetes
- B) Obesity, cocaine use, and sedentary lifestyle
- C) Personal history of peripheral vascular disease
- D) All of the above
**Answer:** ✔✔ - D) All of the above
---
**3. What happens when LDL (low-density lipoprotein) becomes oxidized?**
- A) It dissolves in the blood
- B) It turns into a foam cell and contributes to atherosclerotic plaque
- C) It gets eliminated by HDL
- D) It stops causing harm to the arteries
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) It turns into a foam cell and contributes to atherosclerotic plaque
---
**4. What is the function of HDL (high-density lipoprotein)?**
- A) It oxidizes LDL
- B) It carries cholesterol to the liver for elimination
- C) It increases blood pressure
- D) It stores cholesterol in body tissues
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) It carries cholesterol to the liver for elimination
---
**5. How does diabetes increase the risk of CAD (coronary artery disease)?**
- A) By increasing blood flow to the heart
- B) By altering lipoproteins and causing a buildup of plaque in the arteries
- C) By reducing inflammation in the arteries
,ESTUDY
- D) By improving cholesterol levels
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) By altering lipoproteins and causing a buildup of plaque in the arteries
---
### Cholesterol Levels
**6. What is considered a desirable total cholesterol level?**
- A) Less than 200 mg/dL
- B) Between 200-239 mg/dL
- C) Above 240 mg/dL
- D) Less than 300 mg/dL
**Answer:** ✔✔ - A) Less than 200 mg/dL
---
**7. What is the optimal level for LDL cholesterol?**
- A) Less than 100 mg/dL
- B) Between 130-159 mg/dL
- C) Between 160-189 mg/dL
- D) Above 190 mg/dL
**Answer:** ✔✔ - A) Less than 100 mg/dL
---
**8. What is considered a high triglyceride level?**
- A) Less than 150 mg/dL
- B) Between 150-199 mg/dL
- C) Above 500 mg/dL
- D) Between 200-499 mg/dL
**Answer:** ✔✔ - D) Between 200-499 mg/dL
---
**9. What is considered a low HDL cholesterol level?**
- A) Less than 60 mg/dL
- B) Greater than 60 mg/dL
- C) Less than 40 mg/dL
- D) Greater than 50 mg/dL
**Answer:** ✔✔ - C) Less than 40 mg/dL
---
### Plaque Development and CAD
**10. What is the "fatty streak" in atherosclerosis?**
- A) The first stage of plaque buildup
- B) A complete blockage of an artery
,ESTUDY
- C) The final stage of atherosclerosis
- D) A burst blood vessel in the heart
**Answer:** ✔✔ - A) The first stage of plaque buildup
---
**11. What is the "fibrous plaque" in atherosclerosis?**
- A) A type of stable plaque that stays attached to the artery wall
- B) A dangerous rupture in the artery
- C) A buildup of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells
- D) A minor artery spasm
**Answer:** ✔✔ - C) A buildup of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells
---
**12. What is the difference between stable and unstable plaques?**
- A) Stable plaques are more likely to rupture, causing an MI
- B) Unstable plaques have thicker caps and stay attached to artery walls
- C) Unstable plaques are prone to rupture, leading to blood clots
- D) Stable plaques disappear on their own
**Answer:** ✔✔ - C) Unstable plaques are prone to rupture, leading to blood clots
---
**13. What causes myocardial ischemia?**
- A) Overeating
- B) Insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the heart's metabolic demands
- C) Too much blood supply to the heart muscle
- D) Excessive exercise
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) Insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the heart's metabolic demands
---
### Heart Attacks and MI (Myocardial Infarction)
**14. What happens to heart cells during an MI (heart attack)?**
- A) They increase oxygen use and regenerate quickly
- B) They become ischemic within 10 seconds and can die if blood flow is not restored within 20
minutes
- C) They start to repair themselves after 1 hour
- D) They become stronger
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) They become ischemic within 10 seconds and can die if blood flow is not
restored within 20 minutes
---
**15. What is unstable angina?**
- A) A form of stable chest pain caused by exertion
, ESTUDY
- B) A warning sign of a potential heart attack
- C) A fully blocked artery with severe heart damage
- D) A harmless condition
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) A warning sign of a potential heart attack
---
**16. What is NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction)?**
- A) A type of heart attack that shows up on an EKG
- B) A mild heart attack that doesn't involve any damage to the heart
- C) A heart attack diagnosed by elevated troponin levels, not on the EKG
- D) A condition where the arteries become stronger
**Answer:** ✔✔ - C) A heart attack diagnosed by elevated troponin levels, not on the EKG
**17. What is the genetic variant strongly linked with CAD risk?**
- A) APOE gene
- B) 9P21
- C) BRCA1 gene
- D) Factor V Leiden
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) 9P21
---
**18. How does android obesity relate to CAD risk?**
- A) It has no relation to CAD
- B) It is associated with decreased blood pressure
- C) It is linked to insulin resistance, decreased HDL, increased blood pressure, and inflammation
- D) It is more common in women and reduces the risk of CAD
**Answer:** ✔✔ - C) It is linked to insulin resistance, decreased HDL, increased blood pressure,
and inflammation
---
**19. What is the relationship between a parent’s age at their MI and your risk of having an MI?**
- A) No relationship
- B) The younger the parent, the higher the risk for you
- C) The older the parent, the higher the risk for you
- D) Gender of the parent is the most important factor
**Answer:** ✔✔ - B) The younger the parent, the higher the risk for you
---
**20. Which of the following is considered a non-traditional risk factor for CAD?**
- A) Smoking
- B) High LDL
- C) Lipoprotein (a)
- D) Hypertension
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