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week 5 edapt neuro study
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lOMoARcPSD|44532475Week 5 edapt Neuro - study
Advanced Pathophysiology (Chamberlain University)
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NEURO
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is still used as a treatment of major
depressive disorder (MDD).
Despite the di昀昀erent classi昀椀cations, all antidepressant medications
are equally e昀昀ective in reducing the major symptoms of major
depressive disorder.
The Monoamine De昀椀ciency Theory states that the underlying basis
of depression is low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and
dopamine.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are the most common
antidepressants prescribed.
Dysthymia is a persistent depressive disorder used to describe
milder symptoms of depression that happen over longer periods of
time.
This statement is true. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
(SSRIs) block the reabsorption or inhibits the reuptake of serotonin
that allows for more of it in the synaptic cleft.
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant, not an alpha-agonist.
SNRIs block or delay serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.
A strong social network has been proven to lead to a better outcome
for individuals with MDD.
Depression
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is known as clinical depression
where approximately 20% of females are clinically depressed
compared to males at 12%. To be clinically depressed means that
the symptoms experienced interfere with the individual’s daily life. It
leads to an overall feeling that life is not an enjoyable experience.
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The exact cause of MDD is unknown, but most likely due to a
combination of genetic, biologic and environmental factors.
Gene琀椀c
Family members who have depression are three times more likely to
have it themselves. This link tends to increase with how close the
members are related.
Biological
biological perspective, most medications used to treat depression
focus on the neurotransmitters of the brain. Neurotransmitters are
signaling molecules that are released by one neuron and received
by receptors of another neuron. A message is relayed from one
neuron to the next. Regulation of how many neurotransmitters are
being sent at any given time plays a signi昀椀cant role in the
development of the symptoms of depression since they are involved
in the regulation of many brain functions like mood, attention, sleep,
appetite and cognition. The three major neurotransmitters that are
involved in the development of depression are serotonin,
norepinephrine and dopamine. These are signi昀椀cant because
medications that cause there to be more of these neurotransmitters
in the synaptic cleft (the space between the neurons) are shown to
be e昀昀ective antidepressants. This 昀椀nding led researchers to develop
the Monoamine De昀椀ciency Theory that indicates that the underlying
basis of depression is low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and
dopamine. These are known as monoamines because they have one
amine group. In addition, it is thought that each of these may have
an impact on certain sets of symptoms of depression:
Serotonin: obsessions and compulsions
Norepinephrine: anxiety and attention
Dopamine: attention, motivation and pleasure
If one of these neurotransmitters are low a speci昀椀c set of symptoms
may be experienced by the individual. Serotonin, particularly, is
thought to be a major player. Some theories suggest that it may be
capable of regulating the other neurotransmitters, norepinephrine
and dopamine. However, there is limited evidence to support this
theory. More concrete evidence that supports the role of serotonin
in the development of depression, relates to tryptophan depletion.
This is the amino acid that the body uses to make serotonin. If there
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