PHIL EXAM 1 2024 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
Philosophy is done by a_____ - ANSWERSargument
At any rate, l_____ a_____ is a skill much like physical self-defense.
It is i_____ across contexts! - ANSWERSlogical argumentation
invaluable
C______ need not always come last when an ar...
At any rate, l_____ a_____ is a skill much like physical self-defense.
It is i_____ across contexts! - ANSWERSlogical argumentation
invaluable
C______ need not always come last when an argument is in paragraph form - ANSWERSConclusion
Words used to indicate logical conclusion include
oT_____
oH_____
oTh_____
oI_____ f_____ t_____... - ANSWERSTherefore
Hence
Thus
It follows that
When the conclusion comes first, the relationship can be conveyed by
oS_______
oG_______ or g_______ t_______
oSometimes 'b_______' works here
oSometimes 'af_______ a_______' - ANSWERSSince
Given
,given that
because
after all
P______ and c______ are propositions. - ANSWERSPremises
conclusions
P____ are what declarative sentences express. They are the primary bearers of t____ and f____.
•Roughly, a d____ s____ predicates something of a subject. It can be t____ or f____
•Compared to i_____: go to sleep! (can't be t____ or f____) - ANSWERSPropositions
truth
falsity
declarative sentence
true
false
imperatives
true
false
The same p_____ may be expressed by more than one sentence:
•My name is Dan
•Me llamo Dan
•Jag heter Dan - ANSWERSproposition
So arguments are really sets of p_____ that are purported to stand in a certain relation. The propositions
that are the premises are purported to s_____, or e_____, or show the t_____ of, the conclusion. (We
may take these as synonymous.) - ANSWERSpropositions
support
establish
,truth
Sentences that express propositions may be linked up with "logical constants":
•N_____
•Conj_____
•D_____
•Cond_____
•B_____ - ANSWERSNegation
Conjunction
Disjunction
Conditional
Biconditional
These logical constants are "truth functional". That is, they may be used to determine the t_____ v_____
of the sentences they are used to form, so long as we know the t_____ v_____ of the smaller sentences
they connect. - ANSWERStruth values
truth values
Validity: An argument is valid if (and only if) it is not possible for all its premises to be t_____ and its
conclusion f_____. - ANSWERStrue
false
If it is not valid then it is i_____. (So an argument is invalid if (and only if) it is possible for all its premise
to be t_____ and yet its conclusion f_____.) - ANSWERSinvalid
true
false
Necessary and Sufficient conditions:
'If X then Y' says both that X is s_____ for Y and that Y is n_____ for X.
, •In affirming the consequent, one mistakes a n_____ condition for a s_____ one. (Disneyland's being fun
is necessary for Bob's being tall, but not sufficient.)
•In denying the antecedent, one mistakes a s_____ condition for a n_____ one. (Bob's being tall is
sufficient for Disneyland's not being fun, but not necessary.) - ANSWERSsufficient
necessary
necessary
sufficient
sufficient
necessary
Soundness: v_____ plus all true p_____ - ANSWERSvalidity
premises
A priori: justification for belief/explanation for truth does not require going out in the world to c_____
e_____ what it is like - ANSWERScheck empirically
A posteriori: justification for belief/explanation for truth does require going out into the world and
e_____ c_____ what it's like. - ANSWERSempirically checking
Necessarily true: had to be t_____; could not have been f_____ - ANSWERStrue
false
Contingently true: might have been f_____ (even though it's actually t_____) - ANSWERSfalse
true
Philosophy is, to a large extent, concerned with arguments about whether certain propositions are
necessarily true.
That the m_____ is physical.
That morality is determined by facts about c_____
That knowledge is j_____ t_____ b_____.
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