A heuristic uses the ______________ system - ️️impulsive
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic - ️️When discussing probability, people start with a reference point (anchor) and adjust based on circumstances to reach their estimate
Ex) Estimating that more people have seen a show because yo...
Psych 221|147 Exam Quiz Questions
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A heuristic uses the ______________ system - ✔ ✔ impulsive
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic - ✔ ✔ When discussing probability, people start with a
reference point (anchor) and adjust based on circumstances to reach their estimate
Ex) Estimating that more people have seen a show because you've watched it a bunch
Archives (D) - ✔ ✔ - researches test hypothesis using existing data that's been gathered for other
purposes
- easily assembled information (usually large sample sizes)
Attention - ✔ ✔ Process of selecting information to focus on
Attitudes - ✔ ✔ Personal schema about a topic (belief + evaluation)
Availability Heuristic - ✔ ✔ mental rule of thumb where people base a judgement on a case that they
can think of
b sub 0 in decision making model - ✔ ✔ Initial rate of likelihood, before any variables are added
b sub a (or b, c, etc.) in decision making model - ✔ ✔ How much you care about the factor affecting
the possible event (varies by person)
Backfire effect - ✔ ✔ When established beliefs get stronger in the presence of contradictions
(Subset of confirmation bias)
Bad outcome + self/person we like = - ✔ ✔ environment's fault
Bad outcome + stranger = - ✔ ✔ personality's fault
Balance theory - ✔ ✔ When we're in a state of cognitive dissonance, we're highly motivated to
rebalance our attitudes, beliefs, and actions
Basking in reflective glory - ✔ ✔ - associating someone else's success with yourself
,ex: saying "we" won when
Baumeister's broccoli & chocolate study - ✔ ✔ Participants were tempted with chocolate, but only
half of them got to eat it (the other half got broccoli)
Afterwards, they were asked to complete a persistence testing puzzle
RESULTS: The control group (who ate chocolate) were WAY more persistent with the puzzle than the
ones who got broccoli
The broccoli eaters' willpower was worn down!
Belief - ✔ ✔ Cognitive- more concrete (i.e. X is better than Y)
bx in decision making model - ✔ ✔ Overall factor(s) affecting if event will occur
Carol dweck (mindset) - ✔ ✔ - Entity mindset (fixed mindset): those with this mindset believe that
their abilities and traits are fixed....in the face of failure, those with this mindset are likely to have lower
self-esteem and more self-handicapping behavior
- Incremental mindset (growth mindset): these people believe abilities can be developed based on hard
work, persistence, learning, etc....in the face of failure, more studying!
EM people will lose motivation when they fail and IM people will find motivation when they fail
Case study (D) - ✔ ✔ - intense examination or a person or group where all details are recorded
- use of descriptive research to obtain an in-depth analysis of a certain group or phenomena
Change Blindness - ✔ ✔ People's failure to notice a (relatively large) change, due to their attention
being allocated elsewhere
Cognitive Dissonance - ✔ ✔ When our attitudes, beliefs, and/or actions don't match up
Collectivist vs Individualistic - ✔ ✔ Cul. (japan, china, Korea) emphasizes things like family or work
group needs over the individual's needs or desires whereas Ind. (USA, Europe) emphasizes personal
achievements regardless of expense of group, which results in competition
Competitive vs individualistic orientation - ✔ ✔ Both are focused on themselves, but competitive
oriented people are also focused on being/doing better than others
, Confirmation Bias - ✔ ✔ When researching, we tend to look for info that proves what we already
believe
Confound - ✔ ✔ - a confound is an extraneous variable (variables that are present in the experiment
that aren't being studied) other than the independent variable that may cause a result. -
- Confounding variables affects the variables being studied (IV and DV) so that the results you get do not
reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation
Conjunction Fallacy - ✔ ✔ A mistake people make by assuming that a specific condition (i.e. Linda is
a banker AND a feminist) is more likely than a general one (i.e. Linda is a banker)
Consistency principle (Festinger, 1957) - ✔ ✔ We want to keep what we think, say, and do consistent
Convergent validity - ✔ ✔ tests that constructs that are expected to be related are, in fact, related
Correlation vs causation - ✔ ✔ Correlation:
- the relationship between 2 sets of variables (emphasis on RELATIONSHIP....does not imply causation)
- can be negative or positive (-1 or 1)
- EX: height and weight (taller usually equals heavier but not always)
Causation:
- cause and effect
Counterattitudinal Action - ✔ ✔ Behavior that's inconsistent with an attitude
Cultural identity on our behavior and identity - ✔ ✔ Culture- beliefs, customs, habits, language
shared by people living in a particular place at a particular time
- more likely to describe naturally occurring behaviors
EX: amygdala activation during fear
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