The summary provides an overview of the basic systems in human anatomy and their functions. It briefly explains how different systems, work together to keep the body functioning. Each system plays a specific role
Human Anatomy: Bones of the Upper Limb
( MEDICAL )
The bones of the upper limb are critical to providing the structural framework
for movement, stability, and functionality. These bones can be divided into four
primary regions: the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. Here is a detailed
breakdown of the bones in each region:
1. Shoulder Girdle
The shoulder girdle attaches the upper limb to the trunk and consists of two
bones:
Clavicle (Collarbone):
o Shape: S-shaped, long bone.
o Location: Extends horizontally from the sternum to the scapula,
connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
o Function: Acts as a strut to hold the shoulder in position,
transmitting forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
o Notable landmarks:
Sternal end: Medial, articulates with the manubrium of the
sternum (sternoclavicular joint).
Acromial end: Lateral, articulates with the acromion of the
scapula (acromioclavicular joint).
Conoid tubercle: Located on the inferior surface of the
clavicle, for ligament attachment.
Scapula (Shoulder Blade):
o Shape: Flat, triangular bone.
o Location: Lies on the posterior aspect of the thorax, between the
second and seventh ribs.
o Function: Provides attachment for muscles that move the
shoulder joint.
o Notable landmarks:
, Spine of scapula: Prominent ridge running across the back
of the scapula, ending at the acromion.
Acromion: Forms the tip of the shoulder; articulates with
the clavicle.
Coracoid process: A hook-like projection on the anterior
surface; attachment site for muscles.
Glenoid cavity: Shallow socket that articulates with the
head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
(glenohumeral joint).
2. Arm (Brachium)
The arm consists of one bone:
Humerus:
o Shape: Long bone.
o Location: Extends from the shoulder to the elbow.
o Function: Provides structural support for the arm and serves as an
attachment site for muscles that move the shoulder and elbow.
o Notable landmarks:
Head: Rounded, proximal end that articulates with the
glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Greater and lesser tubercles: Bony prominences near the
head of the humerus, providing attachment points for
rotator cuff muscles.
Intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove): A groove that
houses the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii.
Deltoid tuberosity: Rough area on the lateral aspect, where
the deltoid muscle attaches.
Radial groove: A shallow groove on the posterior surface
where the radial nerve travels.
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