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BIO 253 Midterm questions and answers already graded A+ 2024/2025
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BIO 253 Midterm questions and answers already graded A+ 2024/2025
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BIO 253 MidtermWhat are the principle causes of fatigue addressed for every of the variables tested? -
ANSEncouragement: Change in motivation or vital drive
Visual Feedback: Sense of effort
Rest: Build-up of lactic acid and a discount in blood waft
What could you expect from someone's EMG who has Muscular Dystrophy who is asked to
boost a weight? How could that range from a person with Myasthenia Gravis? - ANSMuscular
Dystrophy: EMG could appearance the same as ordinary man or woman despite the muscle
cells death, the nerve sign is unaffected.
Myasthenia Gravis: EMG might look weaker and fatigue faster than a everyday character
The muscle cellular doesnt stockpile massive quantities of ATP. How does the muscle make
certain enough ATP for severe exercising? - ANSAt relaxation, a few ATP transfers a phosphate
to creatine and creates phosphocreatine. This can be used to resynthesizes ATP during intense
exercise for the contraction to maintain.
During repeated skeletal muscle contraction, what takes place to calcium within a single motor
unit which can result in fatigue? What is it is overall impact? - ANSA discount in calcium ion
launch due to depletion of Ca2+ ions from intracellular shops: The SR inhibits
excitation-contraction coupling.
If EMG electrodes were located at the flexor digitorum superficialis (one of the muscle groups
concerned in maintaining grip) while applying sustained max force, what might the EMG trace
appear to be as you stumble upon fatigue for each the uncooked records and the RMS
information? - ANSRaw facts would be spikey, and then get smaller.
RMS information could be a pleasing curve that starts offevolved as a plateau and then slopes
down
Why is high intensity anaerobic workout constrained in period? - ANSLactic acid breaks down
and contributes to fatigue through interfering with contractile methods and by using converting
the pH of the muscle mobile. The tolerance for reducing pH in muscle cells is constrained. As
pH decreases, enzymes denature and anaerobic respiration will become inefficient.
What can be a few assets of error (that don't consist of unsuitable use of the device or not
following process effectively) on this complete lab that would have affected your statistics? (LAB
one) - ANSInterference because of motion or sounds
Placement mistakes (human mistakes)
, Define isometric contraction and describe an example - ANSAn isometric contraction is a
muscle contraction that sees the muscle continue to be at the same duration wherein there is no
movement of the joint.
Holding a wallsit is an instance
When the contemporary reached the subsequent stages, what percentage of fibers inside the
muscle were contracting?
- At threshold
- At max
- Above the maz - ANS- At threshold just a few of the fibers are being recruited.
- 100% of the fibers are being recruited and contracting
- nonetheless one hundred% due to the fact all the fibers are getting used
A brief length of fast electrical stimuli is used to have a look at muscle fibers contracting
continuously (tetanus). Chemical agents can motive tetanus via interfering with the motor
neurons. These dealers encompass a toxin produced with the aid of the soil bacterium
Clostridium tetani which produces a toxin that blocks inhibitory signals to motor neurons. One of
the symptoms of these dealers is called "spastic paralysis". Explain how the nervous device
outcomes of clostridium tetani toxin would bring about tetanus in a muscle. How would possibly
this cause a life threatening condition? - ANSIf the muscle mass required for breathing have
been concerned death should observe
Explain what is happening on the synaptic clef throughout summation, incomplete tetanus, and
tetanus. - ANSDuring summation, stimuli arise one after the alternative, however they do no
longer attain the depth or frequency to reach tetanus. The second stimulus does not manifest till
the refractory period is sort of over from the primary. At this time, the movement capability has
reached the synaptic cleft and ACh is released. ACh on the synaptic cleft is speedy degraded,
though no longer completely. A very small quantity still stays and is added on, i.E. Summated,
with each next stimulus acquired.
During incomplete tetanus, stimulus frequency has extended. Muscle fibers at the moment are
accomplishing tetanus but can't preserve tetanus between impulses. There is an additive,
stair-step impact of every twitch that occurs for the reason that muscle has no longer but fully at
ease. There is extra ACh being launched and much less time for it to get degraded among
impulses
During tetanus, the muscle has no rest among impulses because the stimuli are arriving very
shortly after one another. There is not any time for ACh in the synaptic cleft to degrade, inflicting
more ligand-gated sodium channels to open. There is extra of calcium in the sarcoplasm
triggering greater channels to open. This results in a persistent contraction because of the
intracellular concentration of calcium, as more ACh available at the synaptic cleft to open
greater ligand-gated sodium channels.
In the image above, why is there a postpone within the evoked EMG and the following force
produced? Explain this in phrases of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase. -
ANSAcetylcholinesterase is usually present and breaking down acetylcholine. The delay occurs
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