PSY 658 Exam Study Guide.
Conscience - answeran internalized state of standards and principles that constitutes a
person's primary guide to action. May cause feelings of discomfort or distress when the violation
of a rule is contemplated or carried out. Superego. Sense of right or wrong.
Hetero...
Conscience - answer✔✔an internalized state of standards and principles that constitutes a
person's primary guide to action. May cause feelings of discomfort or distress when the violation
of a rule is contemplated or carried out. Superego. Sense of right or wrong.
Heteronomous Morality - answer✔✔(5 to 8/9 years) - Moral Realist; rules are determined by
authorities and are unalterable. Moral absolutes that must be obeyed. Violations are always
punished. Dichotomous approach to morality; black or white. Stage of moral development
described by piaget characterized of children from 5-8 when they regard rules as immutable,
existing outside the self and requiring strict adherence.
Autonomous Morality - answer✔✔(8/9 to 11/12 years) - Social rules are arbitrary, and promote
cooperation, equality, and reciprocity; therefore, social rules serve justice. Social rules can be
changed by agreement or violated for a higher purpose. Moral development stage begins in
middle childhood. Children now understand the rules are based on social agreements and can be
changed.
Altruism - answer✔✔when a child voluntarily acts in ways that seems to be intended to benefit
someone else. Tends to increase with age. Tends to lean toward individual differences in that a
child that is altruistic as a preschooler is more likely to be altruistic as an adult. You want to see
it grow over time; younger children you see less by eight or nine you want to see it more.
Relational Aggression - answer✔✔a type of aggression in which relationships are manipulated
and or damaged in order to hurt an individual. Purposeful manipulation and damage of peer
relationships. Passive and can be direct
Gonads - answer✔✔testes in males and ovaries in females. Produce eggs in females (ova) and
sperm in males. Increase their hormone production at puberty after being stimulated by
hormones released from the pituitary gland in response to the maturing hypothalamus. Where
hormones come from, set off puberty process.
Primary Sexual Characteristics - answer✔✔aspects of the body directly involved with
reproduction. Genitalia Growth of scrotum in males Menarche (first menstruation) Spermarche
(first ejaculation) Fertility may not occur after a year of these markers. Physical traits directly
involved in reproduction.
Secondary - answer✔✔suggestive characteristics, more of what we see.
Rumination - answer✔✔increases risk of depression or can worsen it. Characterized by directing
attention inward toward negative feelings and thoughts. Leads to isolation and/or repetitive
talking about the subject with others. Repeated focusing of attention on negative mood and
cognitions. Rumination is sometimes viewed as an ineffective emotion regulation strategy that is
related to avoidance of emotional experience. Normal coping style for teens. Can be a problem if
it is not transient.
Adrenarche - answer✔✔when adrenal glands increase activity just before puberty. The point just
before puberty when the adrenal gland increases its activity and children begin to show sexual
attraction.
Diffusion - answer✔✔young adolescent embarks on identity development process. They lack
both exploration and commitment. Not actively involved in exploring possible life choices. Do
not have any commitments. Can be highly problematic later in life. One of Marcia's four identity
status categories that often describes young adolescents as they embark on the identity
development process. The individual is not actively involved in exploring possible life choices
nor has she made any firm commitments to them. Stage of identity development.
Constructed Identity - answer✔✔attempting for an identity that has been personally constructed.
The identity not based on a predetermined set of expectations but rather representative either of a
personal redefinition of childhood and early adolescence goals and values or perhaps something
very different from them. Outcome of nice identity process.
Storm and Stress of adolescence - answer✔✔Conflict with parents; Negative affect; Risky
behavior; Violating norms; Recklessness; Considerable variability - some teens show few signs
of it But, teens experience more "storm and stress" in general than other stages of development.
Ways to describe period of adolescent. It happens in degrees or does not happen at all. Helps us
to not stereotype teenagers as much.
Bulimia Nervosa - answer✔✔repeated binging, then compensatory behaviors; usually maintain
normal body weight; purging type - regular vomiting etc. Non-purging type - excessive fasting or
exercise
Anorexia Nervosa - answer✔✔85% or less body weight; restricting type; Binging/purging type.
You can see them and tell they are not eating.
Responsiveness - answer✔✔linked to adolescent's self-confidence and self-competence. Degrees
to which a parent is available and involved, degree of warmth involved
Democratic Parenting - answer✔✔Authoritative Parenting. Including the child, not taking over
can have some input and contribution.
Acceptance - answer✔✔providing affection, praise, involvement, accepting strengths and
limitations. How much you accept who they are.
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