PSY 658 Individual, Couple, and Family
Development
Continuous - answer✔✔the view that development is a process of gradually augmenting the
same skills that were there to begin with.
Discontinuous - answer✔✔The view that development is a process in which new ways of
understanding and responding to the world engage at specific times.
History-grade influences - answer✔✔influences on lifespan development that are unique to a
particular historical era and explain why people born around the same time tend to be a like in
ways that set them apart from other people born at other times.
Ex: WWII or Vietnam
age-grade influence - answer✔✔influence on lifespan development that are strongly related to
age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last
Ex: Marriage and retirement
non-normative influence - answer✔✔Influence on lifespan development that are irregular in that
they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable.
Ex: Natural disaster or winning the lottery
Major periods of human development and age range - answer✔✔Prenatal-conception to birth
Infancy to toddlerhood-birth to 2 years
Early Childhood-2-6 years
Middle Childhood-6-11 years
Adolescence-m 11-18 years
Early Adulthood- 18 to 40 years
Middle Adulthood-40-65 years
Late Adulthood-65 years to death
Freud's psychosexual theory - answer✔✔emphasized that how parents manage their child's
sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
Psychoanalytic Perspective - answer✔✔people move through a series of stages in which they
confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are
resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with
anxiety
Id - answer✔✔largest portion of the mind is biological needs and desires
ego - answer✔✔conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the
id's impulses so they are discharged in acceptable ways
Superego - answer✔✔conscious, develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of
society
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - answer✔✔in addition to mediating between id impulses and
superego demands, the ego males a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and
skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society
Piaget's Stages of Development - answer✔✔Sensorimotir-Birth to 2 years- Infants "thing" by
acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth...putting objects into and taking out
of a container
Preoperational-2 to 7 years-Use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries.
Development of language and make believe play takes place. However, thinking lacks the logic
of the two remaining stages
Concrete operational-7 to 11 years- children think more logical...water in different cup is same
size
Formal operational-11 years-can evaluate logic of verbal statetments. Can start with hypothesis
and logically solve real world problems.
Vygotsky's sociocultural Theory of Development - answer✔✔in which children acquire the ways
of thinking and behaving that make up their community's culture through social interaction in
particular, cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society
Behaviorism - answer✔✔an approach that regards directing observable events stimulated and
responses as the appropriate focus of study and views the development of behavior as taking
place through classical and operant conditioning
Development Neuroscience - answer✔✔an area of investigation that brings together researchers
from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes
in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns
Informational Processing - answer✔✔a perspective that views the human mind as a symbol-
manipulating system through which information flows and that regards cognitive development as
a continuous process
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