Hypertension - answer✔✔most prominent risk factor in developing cardiovascular disease, BP
increases as we age which puts everyone at risk for development
normal blood pressure - answer✔✔systolic <120mmHg and Diastolic <80 mmHg
stage 2 hypertension blood pressure - answer✔✔systolic and diastolic are in different categories
(systolic 160 and above while diastolic is 90 and above)
primary (essential) hypertension - answer✔✔no identifiable cause, progressive and lifelong
disorder; there are treatments available but no cure
populations at risk of primary hypertension - answer✔✔older adults, african americans,
mexican/hispanic background, postmenopausal women, obese patients
secondary hypertension - answer✔✔Identifiable cause (usually due to another illness),
possibility to treat cause directly which can "cure" the patient
consequences of hypertension - answer✔✔myocardial infarction, heart failure and angina
development, kidney disease risk, stroke and arterial pressure rising
how is arterial pressure measured? - answer✔✔cardiac output x Peripheral resistance
the direct benefits of lowering blood pressure will - answer✔✔decrease the individual from the
risk of heart disease
life style modifications available to tx hypertension - answer✔✔weight loss, sodium regulations,
DASH diets, alcohol restriction, aerobic exercises and smoking cessation
principal determinants of BP - answer✔✔arterial pressures (CO X peripheral resistances) and
Cardiac outputs (heart rate, myocardial contractility, blood volumes and venous returns)
systems that regulate BP - answer✔✔sympathetic baroreceptor reflexes, RAAS, renal regulation
decreases in BP will cause activation of - answer✔✔sympathetic nervous system and
vasopressin release
activation of sympathetic nervous system due to a decrease in BP will cause - answer✔✔increase
in renin release and activation of smooth muscles to increase HR and TPR
renin release due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation will activate -
answer✔✔angiotension I which will then activate angiotension II to effect the kidney and
increase volume production
retentions of water and sodium will lead to - answer✔✔increases in blood volume and ICF
B-blockers and peripherally acting sympatholytics cause effects to which organ? -
answer✔✔The heart (decreasing force and rate of contractions); decreases CO
diuretics, angiotensin inhibitors and B-blocks cause effects to which organ - answer✔✔Kidney;
decreasing blood volume (decreasing CO)
peripherally acting sympatholytics, CA++ channel blockers, direct vasodilators and angiotension
inhibitors cause effects to which organ? - answer✔✔Vascular smooth muscles; relaxation of SM
(decreases TPR)
centrally acting sympatholytics and B-receptor blockers cause effects to which organ? -
answer✔✔Brain; decreases sympathetic outflows (decrease CO AND TPR)
calcium channel blockers overall effects - answer✔✔decrease TPR, reflex tachycardia, no effects
on CO or plasma volumes
verapamil/nifedipine MOA - answer✔✔inhibit influx of ECF calcium across myocardial and
vascular smooth muscle cells; dilation of coronary and systemic arteries
verapamil/nifedipine use - answer✔✔lowering BP, angina
side effects of verapamil - answer✔✔sinus bradycardia, AV block
Why is there no reflex tachycardia in verapamil use - answer✔✔directly slows HR down due to
the types of calcium channels it blocks
nifedipine side effects - answer✔✔AV block, reflex tachycardia
why does reflex tachycardia occur with nifedipine? - answer✔✔dilation of coronary and
systemic arteries results in reflux
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