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Exam study book Laboratory Manual for Physical Examination & Health Assessment of Carolyn Jarvis - ISBN: 9780323395960 (Health Assessment)
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Carolyn Jarvis, Physical Examination and Health Assessment4th Canadian Edition (Jarvis, 2024) TEST BANK, Verified
Chapters 1 - 31, Complete Newest Version
Two parts of the *nervous system* are the: a.
Motor and sensory.
b.
Central and peripheral.
c.
Peripheral and autonomic.
d.
Hypothalamus and cerebral. ANS: central and peripheral.
The nervous system can be divided into two parts—central and peripheral. The
central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous
system includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all
their branches.
The wife of a 65-year-old man tells the nurse that she is concerned because she has
noticed a *change in her husband's personality and ability to understand. He also
cries and becomes angry very easily*. The nurse recalls that the cerebral lobe
responsible for these behaviors is the _____ lobe.
a.
Frontal
b.
Parietal
c.
Occipital
d.
Temporal ANS: frontal
The frontal lobe has areas concerned with personality, behavior, emotions, and
intellectual function. The parietal lobe has areas concerned with sensation; the
occipital lobe is responsible for visual reception; and the temporal lobe is concerned
with hearing, taste and smell.
Which of these statements *concerning areas of the brain* is true?
a.
The cerebellum is the center for speech and emotions.
b.
The hypothalamus controls body temperature and regulates sleep.
c.
The basal ganglia are responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
d.
,Motor pathways of the spinal cord and brainstem synapse in the thalamus.
ANS: The hypothalamus controls temperature and regulates sleep.
The hypothalamus is a vital area with many important functions: temperature
controller, sleep center, anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulator, and
coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and emotional status. The
cerebellum controls motor coordination, equilibrium, and balance. The basal ganglia
control autonomic movements of the body. The motor pathways of the spinal cord
synapse in various areas of the spinal cord, not the thalamus.
The area of the nervous system that is responsible for *mediating reflexes* is the:
a.
Medulla.
b.
Cerebellum.
c.
Spinal cord.
d.
Cerebral cortex. ANS: spinal cord.
The spinal cord is the main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that
connect the brain to the spinal nerves, and it mediates reflexes.
While gathering equipment after an injection, *a nurse accidentally received a prick*
from an improperly capped needle. To interpret this sensation, which of these areas
must be intact?
Not on powerpoint
a.
Corticospinal tract, medulla, and basal ganglia
b.
Pyramidal tract, hypothalamus, and sensory cortex
c.
Lateral spinothalamic tract, thalamus, and sensory cortex
d.
Anterior spinothalamic tract, basal ganglia, and sensory cortex ANS: Lateral
spinothalamic tract, thalamus, and sensory cortex
The spinothalamic tract contains sensory fibers that transmit the sensations of pain,
temperature, and crude or light touch. Fibers carrying pain and temperature
sensations ascend the lateral spinothalamic tract, whereas those of crude touch
form the anterior spinothalamic tract. At the thalamus, the fibers synapse with
another sensory neuron, which carries the message to the sensory cortex for full
interpretation. The other options are not correct.
,A patient with *lack of oxygen to his heart will have pain in his chest and possibly the
shoulder, arms, or jaw*. The nurse knows that the statement that best explains why
this occurs is which of these?
a.
A problem exists with the sensory cortex and its ability to discriminate the location.
b.
The lack of oxygen in his heart has resulted in decreased amount of oxygen to the
areas experiencing the pain.
c.
The sensory cortex does not have the ability to localize pain in the heart;
consequently, the pain is felt elsewhere.
d.
A lesion has developed in the dorsal root, which is preventing the sensation from
being transmitted normally. ANS: The sensory cortex does not have the ability to
localize pain in the heart, so the pain is felt elsewhere.
The sensory cortex is arranged in a specific pattern, forming a corresponding "map"
of the body. Pain in the right hand is perceived at a specific spot on the map. Some
organs are absent from the brain map, such as the heart, liver, and spleen. Pain
originating in these organs is referred because no felt image exists in which to have
pain. Pain is felt "by proxy" by another body part that does have a felt image. The
other responses are not correct explanations.
The ability that humans have to perform *very skilled movements such as writing* is
controlled by the: Not on powerpoint
a.
Basal ganglia.
b.
Corticospinal tract.
c.
Spinothalamic tract.
d.
Extrapyramidal tract. ANS: corticospinal tract.
Corticospinal fibers mediate voluntary movement, particularly very skilled, discrete,
purposeful movements, such as writing. The corticospinal tract (also known as the
pyramidal tract) is a newer, "higher" motor system that humans have that permits
very skilled and purposeful movements. The other responses are not related to
skilled movements.
A 30-year-old woman tells the nurse that she has been very *unsteady and has had
difficulty in maintaining her balance*. Which area of the brain would the nurse be
concerned about with these findings? a.
Thalamus
b.
Brainstem
c.
, Cerebellum
d.
Extrapyramidal tract ANS: Cerebellum
The cerebellar system coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium, and helps
maintain posture. The thalamus is the main relay station where sensory pathways of
the spinal cord, cerebellum, and brainstem for synapses on their way to the cerebral
cortex. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla and has various
functions, especially concerning autonomic centers. The extrapyramidal tract
maintains muscle tone for gross automatic movements, such as walking.
Which of these statements about the *peripheral nervous system* is correct?
a.
The CNs enter the brain through the spinal cord.
b.
Efferent fibers carry sensory input to the central nervous system through the spinal
cord.
c.
The peripheral nerves are inside the central nervous system and carry impulses
through their motor fibers.
d.
The peripheral nerves carry input to the central nervous system by afferent fibers
and away by efferent fibers ANS: The peripheral nerves carry input to the central
nervous system by afferent fibers and away by efferent fibers.
A nerve is a bundle of fibers outside the central nervous system. The peripheral
nerves carry input to the central nervous system by their sensory afferent fibers and
deliver output from the central nervous system by the efferent fibers.
A patient has a *severed spinal nerve* as a result of trauma. Which of these
statements is true in this situation? a.
Because there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, no effect results if only one nerve is
severed.
b.
The dermatome served by this nerve will no longer experience any sensation.
c.
The adjacent spinal nerves will continue to carry sensations for the dermatome
served by the severed nerve.
d.
A severed spinal nerve will only affect motor function of the patient because spinal
nerves have no sensory component ANS: The adjacent spinal nerves will continue to
carry sensations for the dermatome served by the severed nerve.
A dermatome is a circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal
cord segment through a particular spinal nerve. The dermatomes overlap, which is a
form of biologic insurance. That is, if one nerve is severed, most of the sensations
can be transmitted by the spinal nerve above and spinal nerve below.
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