What is stress? - ANS Stress is a state produced by a change in the environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening, or damaging to one's well-being.
What is anxiety? - ANS Anxiety is a universal human experience; dysfunctional behavior is often a defense mechanism agai...
NUR 172 Psych Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions With Complete Solutions!!!
What is stress? - ANS Stress is a state produced by a change in the environment that is
perceived as challenging, threatening, or damaging to one's well-being.
What is anxiety? - ANS Anxiety is a universal human experience; dysfunctional behavior is
often a defense mechanism against anxiety. It is a feeling of apprehension, uneasiness,
uncertainty, or dread resulting from a real or perceived threat. The actual source of the threat is
unknown or unrecognized. Anxiety attacks at a deeper level than fear does.
What is fear? - ANS Fear is a reaction to a specific danger.
What are defense mechanisms? - ANS Defense mechanisms are a major means of
managing conflict and affect in response to anxiety. They are relatively unconscious and
discrete from one another.
Are defense mechanisms reversible? - ANS Yes
Are defense mechanism adaptive, pathological, or both? - ANS Both
Whether the use of defense mechanisms is adaptive or maladaptive is determined by ______. -
ANS It is determined by their frequency, intensity, and duration.
Healthy defenses:
1. Altruism
2. Sublimation
3. Humor
4. Suppression - ANS 1. Altruism: Emotional conflicts and stressors are addressed by
meeting the needs of others.
2. Sublimation: An unconscious process of substituting constructive and socially acceptable
activity for strong impulses that are not acceptable in their original form. (Ex: A man with strong
hostile feelings may choose to become a butcher)
, 3. Humor: An individual may deal with emotional conflicts or stressor by emphasizing the
amusing or ironic aspects of the conflict or stressor.
4. Suppression: The conscious denial of a disturbing situation or feeling. (Ex: A student who has
been studying for the state board exam says, "I can't worry about paying my rent until after my
exam tomorrow.")
Intermediate defenses:
1. Repression
2. Displacement
3. Reaction formation
4. Somatization
5. Undoing
6. Rationalization - ANS 1. Repression: The exclusion of unpleasant or unwanted
experiences, emotions, or ideas from conscious awareness. (Ex: forgetting the name of a former
boyfriend/girlfriend)
2. Displacement: Transfer of emotions associated with a particular person, object, or situation to
another person, object, or situation that is nonthreatening. (Ex: Boss yells at man, man yells at
wife, wife yells at child, child kicks the cat)
3. Reaction formation: Unacceptable feelings or behaviors are kept out of awareness by
developing the opposite behavior or emotion. (Ex: A person harboring hostility towards children
becomes a Boy Scout leader)
4. Somatization: Transforming anxiety on an unconscious level into a physical symptom that has
no organic cause. Often attention seeking or excuse.
5. Undoing: Compensates for an act or communication. (Ex: Giving a gift to undo an argument)
6. Rationalization: Justifying illogical or unreasonable ideas, actions, or feelings by developing
acceptable explanations that satisfy the teller as well as the listener. (Ex: "If I had Jessica's
brains, I'd get good grades too.")
Immature defenses:
1. Passive aggression
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