NURS 5315 Final exam
questions and answers
2024
A patient in respiratory distress and is breathing 33 breaths per
minute. Which ABG value is consistent with the clinical scenario?
PCO2 15
pH 7.30
pH 7.45
O2 sat 100%
A patient who is breathing 33 breaths per minute is
hyperventilating and blowing off CO2; therefore the PCO2 level will
be low. The patient will most likely experience a respiratory
alkalosis and the two pH values provided are not consistent with
this diagnosis.
A patient has a sodium level of 115 mEq/L and is disoriented and
lethargic. Which pathological process best explains this patient's
symptoms?
a. The action potential has become hyperpolarized.
b. Water has shifted into the neurons and caused them to swell.
c. Water has shifted into the vascular space and dehydrated the
neurons.
d. The action potential has become hypopolarized.
b. The cause of neurologic symptoms associated with a sodium
imbalance is directly related to fluid shifting into or out of the
neurons of the brain. With a serum sodium of 115 mEq/L, water
shifts into the neurons and causes them to swell. Hypernatremia
causes water to shift out of the cell into the intravascular space and
causes the neurons to become dehydrated. An alteration in the
action potential is not seen with sodium imbalances.
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A patient experiencing dehydration should be monitored for which
electrolyte imbalance?
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hypocalcemia
c. Hypercalcemia
d. Hyponatermia
a. Serum osmolality is increased during times of dehydration. An
elevated serum osmolality will pull potassium into the intravascular
space from the intracellular space and cause a rise in serum
potassium.
A married couple presents to your office for genetic counseling. The
husband has an autosomal recessive disease and his wife has a
heterozygous genotype for the disease. They ask you, What is the
chance that our baby will have the disease? Which of the following
answers is correct?
25%
50%
75%
100%
A chromosome is a package of material located inside the cell
nucleus which is made of proteins and a single molecule of DNA.
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each human cell for a total of
46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are separated into two identical
sets during mitosis or meiosis. This provides a set of chromosomes
to each daughter cell which results from cell division. This process is
responsible for the transfer of genetic information to the daughter
, cells. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are known as autosomes.
The 23rd pair of chromosomes is the pair which contains the genetic
information for gender. This pair contains the genetic information
which delineates between the male and female genders. Females
have two X chromosomes (XX) and males have an XY chromosome
pair. Autosomal chromosomes are said to be autologous. This means
they do not carry genetic information pertaining to gender.
Autosomal genetic diseases are carried on the first 22 pairs of
chromosomes. Sex-linked diseases are only carried on the 23rd pair
of chromosomes. The autosomal chromosomes are nearly identical
to one another and are considered homologous to one another. Each
autosomal chromosome in a pair carries identical genes. These two
genes are known as alleles. The alleles occupy the same site on
each partner of the chromosome pair and code for the same genetic
trait or physiologic function. Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
One allele may be dominant and the other recessive, or they both
may be dominant or both recessive. The dominant alleles' genetic
code will always manifest in the individual's phenotype. The
information in the recessive allele is typically not expressed in the
phenotype unless both alleles are recessive. For the purpose of
clarity in use, the dominant gene is assigned a capital letter and the
recessive gene is assigned a lower case letter. Any letter is okay to
use but make sure you use the same letter for the genotype - for
example, "Bb or aa." The term homozygous refers to a pair of alleles
which are either both dominant or recessive. For example, "BB or
bb" are said to be homozygous because the alleles are either both
dominant or recessive. An allele pair in which one is dominant and
one is recessive is said to be heterozygous. In autosomal recessive
disorders both alleles on the chromosome are affected by the
genetic aberration. If only one recessive gene is affected by the
genetic aberration then the person is said to be a carrier and will
not have the phenotypic expression of the disease. The healthy,
recessive allele will compensate for the allele which is affected by
the genetic aberration. The carrier can pass the trait but does not
have the genetic disease. In an autosomal dominant disorder the
dominant gene is the only gene that has to be affected by the
genetic aberration in order to have the phenotypic expression of the
disease. A healthy recessive allele cannot compensate for a
diseased dominant allele. In order to answer this question one must
understand the above information and draw a Punnett Square.
The husband has an autosomal recessive disease which means his
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