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BIO 669 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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BIO 669 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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BIO 669 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITHCORRECT ANSWERS
Cytokiness-
sans✔✔signalingsmoleculessthatsregulatesinnatesorsadaptivesimmunitysthatsaresresponsibl
esforsactivatingsotherscellssandsregulatingsthesinflammatorysresponse;stheyshelpsstimulates
thesresponsestosinfectionsandstissuesdamagesbysguidingslymphocytessandsleukocytesstow
ardsthesareasofsdamage,sstimulatingshealing,sandsincreasingsorsdecreasingsinflammation;s
theresaresmultiplestypessofsthesescells,seachswithstheirsownsdifferentsrolessinsthesinflammat
orysresponse
Chemokiness-
sans✔✔typesofscytokinessthatsaressynthesizedsbysmanyscellssinsresponsestosproinflammat
oryscytokinessandsinduceschemotaxisstospromotesphagocytosissandswoundshealing;se.g.s
monocyte/
macrophageschemotacticsproteins,smacrophagesinflammatorysproteins,sandsneutrophils
Cellssthatssynthesizeschemokiness-sans✔✔macrophages,sfibroblasts,sendothelialscells
Interleukinss-
sans✔✔typesofscytokinesmadesbyswhitesbloodscellss(producedsprimarilysbysmacrophagess
andslymphocytes)sinsresponsestosstimulationsofspatternsrecognitionsreceptorss(PRRs)sorsb
ysotherscytokines;stheresaresmanysdifferentstypessofsthesescytokines
Interleukin-1s-sans✔✔pro-
inflammatoryscytokines(activatessandsenhancessinflammatorysresponse)sthatsinducessma
nysacutesphasesproteinssandsissansendogenousspyrogen
Endogenousspyrogens-
sans✔✔moleculesthatsstimulatessfeversbysresettingstheshypothalamicssetspoint,ssettingsthe
sbody'sstemperaturessetspointshigherssosthatsinitiallysyousfeelscoldsassyoursbodystemperatu
resassrisen,sbutsthensassthesfeversbreakssandsyourstemperaturesgoessbacksdown,syousfeels
hot
Interleukin-10s-sans✔✔anti-
inflammatoryscytokinesthatsissprimarilysproducedsbyslymphocytessandssuppressessthesgro
wthsofsotherslymphocytessandsthesproductionsofsproinflammatoryscytokinessofsmacrophag
es,swhichsleadsstosasdown-
regulationsofsbothsinflammatorysandsacquiredsimmunesresponse
,Tumorsnecrosissfactor-alphas-
sans✔✔cytokinessecretedsbysmacrophagessinsresponsestosPAMPssandstoll-
likesreceptorsrecognitionsthatsissasstrongsinflammatorysmediatorsandsaskeysregulatorysmol
eculesforsinflammation;sinducessasmultitudesofsproinflammatoryseffects
Effectssofstumorsnecrosissfactor-alphas-sans✔✔-
sInducessfeversbysactingsassansendogenousspyrogens(alsosproducessIL-1sandsIL-
6,swhichscansalsosbothsinduce/increasesfever)
-sIncreasesssynthesissofsinflammatorysserumsproteins
-sCausessmuscleswastings(cachexia)sandsintravascularsthrombosis
-sCanscausesgranulomasformation
TNF-Asandsbiologicsagentss-
sans✔✔tumorsnecrosissfactorsalphasissthestargetsofsmanysbiologicsagentssthatstrystosdimini
shsthesimmunesresponseswhensitsissoverexpressed/outsofsproportion;ssincesTNF-
Asenhancessinflammation,sdrugssthatstargetsTNF-
AswillsrampsDOWNsthesinflammatorysresponse;se.g.susedsinstreatmentsofsrheumatoidsarthr
itis,spsoriaticsarthritis,sCrohn'ssdiseases(autoimmunesconditionsswheresimmunessystemsiss
toosactive)
Interferons-
sans✔✔cytokinesthatsprotectssagainstsviralsinfectionssandsmodulatesthesinflammatorysres
ponse
Interferonssalphasandsbetas-
sans✔✔TypesIsinterferonssthatsaresproducedsandsreleasedsbysvirallysinfectedshostscellssins
responsestosviralsdouble-
strandedsRNAsandsothersviralsPAMPsstosprotectsneighboringshealthyscells;sdon'tskillsviruse
ssdirectly
Interferonsgammas-
sans✔✔TypesIIsinterferonsthatsissproducedsprimarilysbyslymphocytesstosactivatesmacropha
ges,swhichsresultssinsincreasedscapacitystoskillsinfectioussagentsslikesvirusess(andsbacteria
);skeyscytokine;sincreasessmicrobicidalsactivitysofsmacrophages
-sPlayssimportantsrolesinshowswellsyouscansclearsinfection
Mastscellss-
sans✔✔whitesbloodscellssthatsaresthesmostsimportantscellularsactivatorsofsthesinflammator
ysresponse;scellularsbagssofsgranule
-
slocatedsinsthesloosesconnectivestissuessclosestosbloodsvesselss(skin,sdigestiveslining,sands
respiratorystract)
-
stheirsgranulesscontainshistamine,scytokines,sserotonin,sandschemotacticsfactorssthatswhe
nsreleased,scansleadstosassignificantsinflammatorysresponse
, -smediatorsforspollen,sallergicsrhinitis,shaysfever,setc.
Degranulationsofsmastscellss-
sans✔✔mostscommonsactivationsofsmastscellschemicalsrelease
-
sthesreleasesofsthescontentssofsthesmastscellsgranuless(histamine,sserotonin,schemotacticsf
actors,scytokines,setc.)sinsresponsestosasreceptorsbeingsengagedsthatsallowssforsthesstimul
ationsofsmastscells
-sthissreceptorsissfrequentlysansantibodysactingsassasreceptors(e.g.sIgE)
-
sIgEsbindsstosmastscells,scausingsthemstosreleasesandsproducesasverysstrong,simmediate,s
acutesimmunesresponses(e.g.sallergicsasthmasandsothersallergicsresponses)
Basophilss-
sans✔✔granulocytesfoundsinsthesBLOODsthatsmostslikelysactsthessameswaysassmastscells
-sleastsprevalentsgranulocyte
-sprimarysrolesunknown
Synthesiss-
sans✔✔methodsofsmastscellsreleasesinswhichsmastscellssproducesandsreleasesnewsmediat
orssinsresponsestosasstimulus
Histamines-
sans✔✔chemicalsstoredsinsmastscellssandsissreleasedsduringsdegranulationsthatsissasvaso
activesamines(manysvascularseffects)sandscauses:
-stemporary,srapidsconstrictionsofstheslargesbloodsvessels
-
sdilationsofsthespostcapillarysvenuless(resultingsinsincreasedsbloodsflowsintosthesmcirocircul
ation)
-
sincreasedsvascularspermeabilitysduestosthesretractionsofsendothelialscellssliningsthescapill
aries
-
sallowssfluidsandsproteinsstosleavesthesvasculature,sleakingsoutsintostissues,swhichscausess
redness,sswelling,spain,slosssofsfunction,setc.s(inflammation!)
Whysdosantihistaminessnotsreducesallsinflammation?s-
sans✔✔Antihistaminesscansreducessomesinflammations(thesvascularseffectsscausedsbyshi
stamine),sbutshistaminesissnotsthesonlysmediatorsreleasedsbysmastscells.sThesesmediators
salsoshavesinflammatoryseffects,ssostheyscannotstreatsallsofstheseffectssofsinflammation,sonl
ysthesonesscausedsbyshistamine.
Neutrophilschemotacticsfactorsandseosinophilicschemotacticsfactorsofsanaphylaxiss-
sans✔✔chemotacticsfactorsscontainedsinsmastscellsgranulessandsreleasedsduringsdegranu
lationsthatsattractseosinophilssandsneutrophils,spromotingsinflammation
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