Exam (elaborations)
Ch 19 Respiratory System (ECPI University) Questions and Answers
Ch 19 Respiratory System (ECPI University)
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Ch 19 Respiratory System (ECPIUniversity)
inspiration motivation - answerpressure
Expiration motivation - answerPassive process
Inspiration major accessory muscles - answerSternocleidomastoid- elevates sternum
Pectoralis minor- elevates ribs
External Intercostals- move ribs upward and out
Expiration major accessory muscles - answerInternal Intercostals- move ribs downward
and in
Abdominal wall muscles- contract and compress abdominal organs
Branches of bronchial tree (from trachea to the alveoli) - answerR and L primary bronchi
(carry air away from trachea and into the lungs)
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Change in size and pressure of thoracic and abdominal cavities during inspiration -
answerVolume of thoracic cavity increases (enlarges)
Diaphragm contracts (lowers)
Intra-alveolar pressure decreases
Ribs raise
Abdominal cavity lowers
Change in size and pressure of thoracic and abdominal cavities during expiration -
answervolume of thoracic cavity decreases (becomes smaller)
Diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax
Elastic recoil of lungs increase intra-alveolar pressure
Ribs and sternum are pulled downward and in
Abdominal cavity raises
, Importance of pressure difference in determining direction of flow - answerAtmospheric
pressure is the force that moves air INTO lungs
When intra-alveolar pressure decreases atmospheric pressure forces air into respiratory
tract
What determines vocal pitch (frequency)? - answerLength and tension of the vocal
cords
What determines vocal volume (amplitude)? - answerThe force of the air across the
vocal cords
Sinus cavities - answerAct as resonance chambers that affect voice quality
Warm, moisten, and filter air
Lined with a mucous membrane (pseudo-stratified ciliated epithelium)
pleural membranes - answerdouble-layered serous membrane that encloses and
protects each lung
Hemothorax - answerBlood in the pleural cavity
Pneumothorax - answerAccumulation of air in the pleural space (usually results in
collapsed lung)
Direction of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the lungs is determined
by... - answerDifferences in partial pressure
OR
Differences in concentration
concentration gradient (aka partial pressure) - answerdifference in the concentration of
a substance from one location to another
simple diffusion - answermovement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
What layers make up the respiratory membrane in the alveoli? - answerSimple
squamous epithelium
4 Tissue Layers:
Alveolar Wall (alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages)
Epithelial basement membrane
Capillary basement membrane
Capillary epithelium
Hyperventilation - answerCO2 goes down, H+ goes down, pH goes up
a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration
Respiratory alkalosis (pH above 7.45)
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