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Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2024
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Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2024 Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2024 Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2024

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  • September 4, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • cardiac output and regulation exam study with answ

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Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2024
1. Cardiac Output (CO): The amount of blood pumped by the heart per

minute, calculated as the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume

(SV)

2. Heart Rate: The number of heartbeats per minute, controlled by the

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

3. Sympathetic Branch: Part of the autonomic nervous system that increases

heart rate through ²1-adrenergic receptors in the sinoatrial (SA) node

4. Parasympathetic Branch: Part of the autonomic nervous system that

decreases heart rate through muscarinic receptors in the SA node, with

impulses reaching the heart through the vagus nerve

5. Stroke Volume: The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the

heart in one contraction, largely determined by myocardial contractility,

cardiac afterload, and cardiac preload

6. Preload: degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of

diastoles (filling of the ventricles)

7. Afterload: the load a muscle must overcome in order to contract

8. Cardiac after load is determined primary by: degree of peripheral resistance

9. starling law: the greater the volume of blood inside the heart during

diastole, the stronger the heart contraction force during the systole.

10.systemic filling pressure: force that returns blood to the heart


,Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2024
11.three factors influencing venous return: (1) venous dilation or constriction

(2) resistance to flow between peripheral vessels and the right atrium

(3) right atrial pressure, elevation of which will impede venous return. None

of these factors can be directly influenced with drugs.

12.Normal value for filling pressure: 7 mm Hg - 17 mm Hg

13.general formula for AP (arterial pressure): AP = PR (peripheral resistance) x

CO (cardiac output)

14.Three systems that regulate arterial pressure: ANS,

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS),

kidneys

natriuretic peptides

15.Where are baroreceptors located?: carotid sinus and aortic arch

16.RAAS supports AP by causing: (1) constriction of arterioles and veins

(2) retention of water by the kidneys.

17.Angiotensin II causes: constriction of renal blood vessels and thereby

further decreases RBF and GFR

18.Aldosterone causes: renal retention of sodium, which causes water to

be retained along with it

19.Natriuretic peptides work primarily by: (1) reducing blood volume

(2) promoting dilation of arterioles and veins


, Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2024

20.The family of natriuretic peptides has three principal members: atrial natri- uretic

peptide (ANP)

B- or brain natriuretic peptide

(BNP) C-natriuretic peptide (CNP)

21.Diuretics have two major implications: (1) treatment of hypertension

(2) mobilization of edematous fluid associate with heart failure, cirrhosis, or

kidney disease

* can also be used to prevent renal failure

22.What is the basic functional unit of the kidney: nephron

23.four regions of the nephron: Glomerulus

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

24.Where in the kidney is the upper portion of the loop of Henle located: renal cortex

25.Where in the kidney is the lower portion of the loop of Henle located: renal

medulla

26.The distal nephron consists of: distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

27.basic functions of the kidney: (1) cleansing of extracellular fluid (ECF) and

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