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PHCY220 Exam Latest Update
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PHCY220 Exam Latest UpdateWhat is the term for the hypertrophied and inflamed synovial membrane caused by
Rheumatoid Arthritis? - Answer Pannus.
What is the mechanism of action of the prodrug Methotrexate as an anti inflammatory
and anti cancer agent? - Answer Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and other
nucleotide synthesising enzymes, which then leads to decreased cell division.
How does Methotrexate lead to an increase of adenosine in the extra cellular space? -
Answer By inhibiting adenosine deaminases.
What type of antibody is rheumatoid factor? - Answer IgM.
What is the difference between signs and symptoms? - Answer Signs are objective,
symptoms are subjective.
What is the first line of treatment in chronic hepatitis B? - Answer Tenofovir Disoproxil.
What is the first line of treatment for Osteoarthritis? - Answer Paracetamol + lifestyle
modifications.
Which genotypes of HCV is Maviret effective at treating? - Answer All genotypes.
What is the first line of treatment for HCV? - Answer Maviret (Glecaprevir+Pibrentasvir).
What are the non structural protein components that are translated from HCV RNA? -
Answer NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, NS5B.
What steps should be taken when treating Māori and Pacific children with sore throats? -
Answer Immediate referral to GP for possible Rheumatic Fever.
What is the genome of the Hepatitis A virus? - Answer Single stranded positive RNA
What are the main serological markers of Rheumatoid Arthritis? - Answer
Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies, Rheumatoid Factor
What is the joint pattern of Osteoarthritis? - Answer Non-symmetrical.
What is the gender prevalence ratio for Rheumatoid Arthritis? - Answer Women are
three times more likely to develop RA than men.
What is the gender prevalence ratio for Osteoarthritis? - Answer 1:1
What is the cause of the chronicity of HBV? - Answer The ligation of the partially
stranded DNA to covalently closed circular DNA within the nucleus of the cell.
, What are the two main ways antibiotics reduce the integrity of bacterial cell walls? -
Answer Peptidoglycan synthesis inhibition and inhibition of the cross linking of
Peptidoglycan's via tetrapeptides.
What is the most specific marker for hepatocellular injury? - Answer Aspartate
transaminase (AST)
What are possible causes for elevated Aspartate Transaminase levels in the blood,
other than hepatocellular injury? - Answer Rhabdomyolysis, Haemolysis, Myocardium
injury, Renal cell injury, Pancreatitis, alcoholism.
What are the serology tests for biliary duct injury/disfunction? - Answer Blood bilirubin,
Blood Gammaglutamyl Transferase, Blood Alkaline Phosphatase.
What are the functions of AST and ALT in the body? - Answer Gluconeogenesis
pathways and Amino Acid metabolism.
What is the genome of the Hepatitis B virus? - Answer Partially double stranded DNA.
What is Fanconi syndrome? - Answer The increased excretion of phosphate, glucose,
and amino acids in the urine.
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex, from the outermost to the innermost? -
Answer Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis.
What does the Zona Glomerulosa secrete and what are the secretions functions? -
Answer Mineralcorticoids, they function to regulate electrolyte and water balances
within the body.
What is the main hormone that stimulates the cells of the adrenal cortex, and from
where is it secreted into the bloodstream? - Answer Adrenocorticotropic Hormone,
released from the anterior pituitary gland.
What does the zona fasciculata secrete, and what are the secretions functions? -
Answer Glucocorticoids, they have many functions including regulation of
carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism, regulation of immune function, regulation of
various other cell processes.
What does the zona reticularis secrete, and what are the secretions functions? - Answer
Gonadocorticoids, they function to regulate testes and ovary function, sex hormone
production and sexual development.
Which cells secrete corticotropin releasing hormone and where are they located? -
Answer The cells of the paraventricular nucleus, located in the hypothalamus of the
brain.
What are the stimulating signals of the zona glomerulosa? - Answer Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone, Angiotensin-2, Low sodium ion levels in the plasma, high potassium ion levels
in the plasma.
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