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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 GRADED PERFECTLY TO PASS!!
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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 GRADED PERFECTLY TO PASS!!
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ADVANCEDPATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 4 GRADED
PERFECTLY TO PASS!!
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Evatee 9/4/24 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
,ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4
GRADED PERFECTLY TO PASS!!
Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output. Answer - 20-25%
Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____ system, which causes
constriction of peripheral arterioles. Answer - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
most common type of kidney stone Answer - calcium oxalate
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce ______ to
the umbilicus area. Answer - referred pain
Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area. Answer -
umbilicus
Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____
thoracic nerve root. Answer - 10th
Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older adults include
confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort. Answer - urinary tract
infection
infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal pelvis, and
kidney interstitium Answer - pyelonephritis
, ____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk
factors for development of pyelonephritis. Answer - urinary obstruction, reflux
of urine from the bladder
What are the three most common microorganisms associated with acute
pyelonephritis? Answer - E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas
Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone
formation. Answer - alkaline
Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more alkaline and
therefore increases risk of stone formation. Answer - ammonia
Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condition that includes
nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis. Answer - interstitial
cystitis
The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is
unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory
response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability,
neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity. Answer -
autoimmune
_______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal
causes of the condition. Answer - nonbacterial
_____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity
causes of the condition. Answer - noninfectious
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