Honors Chemistry Unit 4 Test Already Graded A+
Ionic Bond:
️ Force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions formed by one particle losing electrons
and another gaining electrons.
️ Formed when one atom takes an electron from another atom—ions are the result (one positive,...
✔️ Force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions formed by one particle losing electrons
and another gaining electrons.
✔️ Formed when one atom takes an electron from another atom—ions are the result (one positive,
one negative)—they stick together because of opposite charges.
✔️ Difference between electronegativities is high.
✔️ Involves metals (low electronegativity) losing electrons to form cations and nonmetals (high
electronegativity) gaining electrons to form anions.
Covalent Bond:
✔️ Electrons are shared between atoms with relatively high electronegativity (nonmetals).
✔️ Formed when both atoms have a strong attraction to the electron, leading to shared electrons—
neither atom has a charge.
✔️ Difference between electronegativities is low.
✔️ Can involve unequal sharing (polar covalent bond) or equal sharing (nonpolar covalent bond).
Metallic Bond:
✔️ Bond formed between metals; two or more metal atoms bonded together.
✔️ Occurs when neither atom has a strong attraction to the electrons, resulting in "spare" electrons
that form the "sea of electrons."
Polar Covalent Bond:
✔️ Bonds where electrons are not equally shared—there is a preference for one nucleus over the
other.
Semimetal:
✔️ Metallic bonds where the electrons are more tightly held; these substances exhibit fewer metallic
properties and more covalent properties.
, Diatomic Molecules:
✔️ Examples include Br₂, I₂, N₂, Cl₂, H₂, O₂, F₂; a molecule consisting of two atoms.
Naming Covalent Compounds Prefixes:
✔️ 1 Mono
✔️ 2 Di
✔️ 3 Tri
✔️ 4 Tetra
✔️ 5 Penta
✔️ 6 Hexa
✔️ 7 Hepta
✔️ 8 Octa
✔️ 9 Nona
✔️ 10 Deca
The Octet Rule:
✔️ Most elements combine such that each atom tends to have 8 valence electrons, resembling the
electron configuration of a noble gas.
✔️ Exceptions include some elements that require fewer than 8 (e.g., boron in BF₃ and beryllium in
BeCl₂) and elements that can have more than 8 (e.g., sulfur in SF₆ and phosphorus in PCl₅).
Valence Electron:
✔️ An electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom.
Electron Dot Structure:
✔️ A notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of an element; also
called Lewis dot structure.
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