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BIOLOGY MTTC QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
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BIOLOGY MTTC QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
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BIOLOGY MTTC QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
Plasma membrane Answer: separates internal cellular metabolism from the external environment;
permeable
nucleus Answer: contained in an envelope and contains genetic material
cytoplasm Answer: located in the plasma membrane and surrounds the nucleus; contains particles
and filaments
Golgi body Answer: cells are processed and packaged for their final destinations; most important for
the disposal of wastes and transport of vital cellular material out of the cell
vacuoles Answer: sac usually filled with fluid
cytoskeleton Answer: intertwined fibers that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane;
made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments; some portions are permanent
and some show up for certain processes like cell division
lysosomes Answer: main digestion organelles; sacs that contain enzymes used to break things
down; clears the cell of waste materials; bacterial cells are lysed and the invading cell dies
smooth ER Answer: no ribosomes; the site where newly synthesized proteins and lipids are budded
rough ER Answer: has ribosomes; polypeptide chains move through rough ER to be secreted outside
the cell or delivered to organelles; common in cells that produce secretions
,diffusion Answer: -process of molecules moving from areas of greater concentration to areas of
lower concentration
-steepness of gradient affects the rate
osmosis Answer: the movement of water across membranes as a result of a concentration gradient,
pressure gradient, or both
passive transport Answer: how fluids cross the membrane through proteins embedded in the
bilayer
active transport Answer: when a transport protein received energy from ATP that allows it to move
with or against the concentration gradient
endocytosis/exocytosis Answer: cells create sacs or vesicles to transport or store substances within
the cytoplasm
carbon compounds Answer: most important structural element in the body; make up organic
compounds; compounds of 20 carbons or less are simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and
nucleotides; also make up lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids that are important in cell
growth and reproduction
carbohydrates Answer: simple sugars or large molecules composed of simple sugars; most
abundant molecules
monosaccharide Answer: simplest form of a carb; most readily available form of glucose
oligosaccharide Answer: two or more sugar units; an example is sucrose
, polysaccharide Answer: glycogen, starch, and cellulose; stores energy
Lipids Answer: -compounds containing carbon and hydrogen
-include steroids when there are no fatty acids
Proteins Answer: -large molecules composed of small organic molecules called amino acids
-include enzymes and specialized cells used for structure, cell movement, storage, and transport
-can be disrupted through denaturation, causing the protein to change shape so it is no longer
functional
Anabolic reactions Answer: The synthesis of large molecules from monomers
Catabolic Reactions Answer: the decomposition of large molecules into their component monomers
Metabolism Answer: the sum of all chemical reactions by which cells obtain and utilize energy for
combining substances, accumulating raw materials, breaking apart, and eliminating wastes.
mitochondria Answer: most effective means a cell has to extract energy from carbohydrates; energy
stored as carbs is released to form molecules such as ATP
Photosynthesis Answer: -light-dependent: sunlight energy is absorbed and converted to chemical
energy. this is then transferred to ATP and NADPH
-light-independent: sugar and other substances are assembled with the help of ATP and NADPH
-glucose is the end product, which can be converted into sucrose, starch, etc.
Passive Transport Answer: -molecules diffuse across a cell membrane by osmosis
the molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
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