BIO 250 Anatomy Cardiovascular System Review Questions and Answers
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Course
BIO 250
Institution
BIO 250
What are the basic functions of the cardiovascular system? 1) Heart: muscle; pumping device 2) Blood vessels: conduction; closed system 3) Blood: transportation, regulation, and protection 4) Lymphatic vessels: fluid balance, lipid transport and defense; an open system
What are the three layers of...
BIO 250 Anatomy Cardiovascular
System Review Questions and Answers
What are the basic functions of the cardiovascular system? ✅1) Heart: muscle;
pumping device
2) Blood vessels: conduction; closed system
3) Blood: transportation, regulation, and protection
4) Lymphatic vessels: fluid balance, lipid transport and defense; an open system
What are the three layers of blood vessels? ✅1) Tunica Intima/Endothelium
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica externa/ adventita
What is the tunica intima composed of? ✅Epithelial tissue:
1) Single cell layer; simple squamous epithelium
2) smooth to decrease friction
What is tunica media composed of? ✅It is the middle layer composed of smooth
muscle
What is the tunica externa and what is it composed of? ✅It is the outer layer
Composed of Fibrous Connective Tissue
What type of blood do arteries carry and what is its direction from the heart? ✅Arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to supply body's cells
Which artery does not carry oxygenated blood? ✅the Pulmonary artery: it carries
deoxygenated blood
What are the largest arteries? ✅The aorta and the pulmonary trunk:
1) large lumens; diameter of a thumb
2) low resistance; "conducting" arteries
What are the medium arteries named? ✅"Muscular" arteries
Name of the smallest arteries ✅arterioles
-higher resistance
-constant tone
Describe the elastic fiber layers of arteries. Which arteries are the most elastic?
✅Arteries have increased elastic fiber layers. The aorta and pulmonary trunk are the
most elastic.
1) stretches/dampens surge of blood pressure with every heart beat
, 2) recoils to propel blood along with each heartbeat
Why are arteries called "Distributors?" ✅1) Increased muscle
2) Thicker tunica media
3) Precapillary sphincters: spirals of smooth muscle cells around arteriole
4) Increased contraction of arterioles and sphincters in varying regions divert blood flow:
vasoconstriction, vasodilation, controlled by chemical factors and sympathetic nerves
5) constant sympathetic tone (contraction): resistance/diameter helps determine blood
pressure
6) ONLY innervated by Sympathetic nerves
What is arteriosclerosis? ✅1) thickening and decreased elasticity in arterial walls
2) Plaque/ atheromas: combinations of fat (LDLs), Ca++ and fibrous scar tissue
deposited in endothelium
Capillaries ✅They are microscopic
1) between arterioles and venules
2) red blood cells have to flow single file
Why are capillaries the most important vessels? ✅1) "Exchangers" they deliver and
collect chemicals
2) Keeps cells supplied with vital materials and rid of harmful wastes
3) No cell very far from capillary except avascular structures
4) Numerous in higher metabolism structures such as: muscle tissue, liver, kidney,
nervous tissue
5) Less in low metabolism structures such as: tendons and ligament and avascular
structures (stratified epithelial tissue, cartilage, lens and cornea)
Describe the structure of capillaries ✅Thin: only tunic intima/endothelium
1) this allows quick chemical exchange between blood plasma and interstitial fluid
How are veins/venules different? ✅1) Carry DEoxygenated blood TOWARD heart
-except Pulmonary Vein carries oxygenated blood
2) smallest tributaries merge to largest veins
a) smallest = venules
b) largest = Inferior and superior vena cava
3) Larger lumen due to thinner walls
a) the thickest is tunica externa; some need to be tougher due to many veins more
superficial
4) superficial veins, deep veins, or sinuses
5) More veins than arteries
6) Important "Reservoirs"
-most of blood flowing in veins/venules but can vary
7) Semilunar valves:
-folds of endothelium/tunic intima
-in veins of LE > UE > head and neck; none in trunk veins
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