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Cell Signaling, Cell Division, and Cancer Exam Syudy Guide with Questions & 100% Correct Answers
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Cell Signaling, Cell Division, and Cancer Exam Syudy Guide with Questions & 100% Correct Answers
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Cell Signaling, Cell Division, and Cancer ExamSyudy Guide with Questions & 100% Correct
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adenylyl cyclase - ✔✔one of the most frequent target enzymes for G protein-- it produces the
small, intracellular signaling molecule cyclic AMP
cyclic AMP - ✔✔produced by adenylyl cyclase, this second messenger activates cAMP-
dependent protein kinase (PKA)
cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase - ✔✔this enzyme is used to degrade cyclic AMP so it does not
remain constantly active
Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) - ✔✔end product of the GPCR (G-alpha) branch; it acts
by phosphorylating gene transcription factors
Phospholipase C cleavage targets - ✔✔DAG and IP3
inositol phospholipid pathway - ✔✔this is triggered when phospholipase C cleaves
inositol phospholipid
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) - ✔✔a sugar phosphate that binds and opens Ca2+ channels in
the ER, so Ca+2 levels rise in the cytosol
calmodulin - ✔✔a Ca+2 responsive protein-- Ca+2 binding enables it to interact with other
proteins, such as Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM-kinases)
, Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM-kinases) - ✔✔this is activated by calmodulin,
and phosphorylates other molecules
Diacylglycerol (DAG) - ✔✔a lipid that recruits and activates PKC
Protein kinase C (PKC) - ✔✔activated by DAG, this kinase phosphorylates other molecues
Enzyme-coupled receptors - ✔✔the cytoplasmic domain acts as an enzyme or forms a complex with
a protein that acts as an enzyme
Growth factors - ✔✔extracellular signaling proteins that regulate cell growth,
proliferation, differentiation, and survival
receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) - ✔✔the largest class of enzyme-coupled receptors; almost all
of these activate the small GTP-binding protein Ras (a monomeric GTPase)
Ras - ✔✔a monomeric GTPase that is similar in function to G protein alpha (because it acts as a
molecular switch); active when bound to GTP.
Ras GEF - ✔✔promotes exchange of GDP to GTP
Ras GAP - ✔✔promotes hydrolysis to inactivate Ras
MAP-kinase signaling module - ✔✔activated by Ras, this is a phosphorylation cascade
PI 3-kinase - ✔✔activated in the RTK pathway, this molecule is really important for promoting
cell growth/survival
Akt/PKB - ✔✔a serine/theonine kinase that often inactivates stuff that it phosphorylates
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