CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) - ANSWER Federal agency in the
Department of Health and Human Services that runs Medicare, Medicaid, clinical
laboratories, and other government health programs; responsible for enforcing all HIPAA
standards other than the privacy and security standards
Surveillance criteria - ANSWER should be considered exactly as defined without
consideration of diagnosis
Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR) - ANSWER formula = observed/predicted
the 3 most common causes of HAIs - ANSWER contamination or defects on
medical products/devices
lapses in infection prevention practices
colonization or infection of healthcare personnel
case definition - ANSWER A method of determining criteria for cases that should be included
in a registry
What is the method of surveillance that is likely to provide the most useful information? -
ANSWER combined whole house and targeted as targeted alone, although the NHSN
system focuses on this, may miss small outbreaks or breaches in non-targeted areas
IOM - ANSWER Institute of Medicine: primary aim is patient-centered/safety
,dependent variable - ANSWER The outcome factor: occurs in result of something else
independent variable - ANSWER the cause or the influence of the dependent variable
ordinal scale - ANSWER a scale of data measurement that involves ordered
categorical responses (stages of cancer)
nominal scale - ANSWER measurement in which numbers are assigned to objects or classes of
objects solely for the purpose of identification (male/female; gay/straight..)
interval scale of measurement - ANSWER Numerical distances between intervals
ie temperature
Most appropriate graphic display for continuous data - ANSWER histogram, freq polygon, ogive
(line chart)
cross-sectional study - ANSWER A study in which a representative cross section of the
population is tested or surveyed at one specific time
best to assess outcomes and potential risk factors in a group at one point in time
used to determine prevalence, but not incidence
cohort study - ANSWER A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals
(individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed
individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease
, clinical trials - ANSWER experiments that study the effectiveness of medical treatments
on actual patients
Case-control study - ANSWER A type of epidemiological study where a group of individuals with
the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to
as controls
What is the most common organism associated with osteomyelitis? - ANSWER S. aureus- also
associated with empyema, endocarditis, septic arthritis, septicemia, sinusitis, and cellulitis
what is Klebsiella sp. most commonly associated with? - ANSWER septicemia and UTIs
What is psuedomonas sp. most commonly associated with? - ANSWER HA-pneuomia and
coagulase-negative staph
CSF in viral meningitis - ANSWER Normal/increased pressure; Increased
lymphocytes Normal/increased protein; Normal sugar; clear to hazy
CSF in fungal meningitis - ANSWER ↑pressure, ↑lymphocytes, ↑protein, ↓sugar; clear to hazy
Immunocompromised patient at risk of p. jiroveci infection should receive ab ppx with what? -
ANSWER TMP-SMX for the duration of risk
If cannot tolerate, use oral dapsone or atovaquone or inhaled pentamidine
Dietary restrictions for neutropenic patients - ANSWER Avoid raw rasp and strwb
use only pasteurized dairy products
reheat deli meat to steaming hot before eating
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