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WKU NURSING MED SURG EXAM #1
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WKU NURSING MED SURG EXAM #1
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WKU NURSINGMED SURG
EXAM #1
What are substances that release hydrogen ions, when dissolved in water or body
fluids, increasing the amount of free hydrogen ions in that solution? - Answers -Acid
How is the strength of an acid measured? - Answers -By how easily it releases a
hydrogen ion in solution
What is the most common type of buffer? - Answers -Protein buffers
What are the extracellular protein buffers? - Answers -Albumin and globulins
What is a major intracellular protein buffer? - Answers -Hemoglobin
What is the second line of defense against changes in pH? - Answers -The respiratory
system
What does breathing do? - Answers -Rids the body of any CO2
Respiratory regulation of Acid-Base balance is under the control of what? - Answers -
Central nervous system
What is hyperventilation? - Answers -Increase in rate and depth of breathing
What is hypoventilation? - Answers -Decrease in rate and depth of breathing
,What happens with hyperventilation? - Answers -CO2 is exhaled from the lungs and the
CO2 level in the ECF decreases. When the arterial CO2 level returns back down to
normal, the rate and depth of breathing returns to levels that are normal
What happens with hypoventilation? - Answers -Less CO2 is lost through lungs, and
more CO2 is retained in arterial blood
The respiratory system's response in Acid-Base balance is...? - Answers -Rapid
What is the third line of defense against wide changes in body fluid pH? - Answers -The
kidneys
The kidneys response in Acid-Base balance is...? - Answers -Slow
What is the first kidney pH control action? - Answers -Kidney movement of bicarbonate
What is the normal pH range? - Answers -7.35-7.45
What are the two most common chemical buffers? - Answers -Bicarbonate (ICF)
Phosphate (ECF)
What are the most common protein buffers? - Answers -Albumin
Globulins
Hemoglobin
What origin, metabolic or respiratory do the lungs compensate for in acid-base
imbalances? - Answers -Metabolic
What is the normal paCO2 levels? - Answers -25-45 mmHg
What is the normal HCO3 levels? - Answers -22-26 mEq/L
What are causes of acidosis? - Answers -DKA
Shock
Sepsis
Renal failure
Diarrhea
Salicylates (aspirin)
What are causes of alkalosis? - Answers -CI depletion (vomiting, prolonged nasogastric
suctioning)
Cushing's syndrome
K+ deficiency
Massive blood transfusions
Ingestion of antacids
, What are symptoms of metabolic acidosis? - Answers -Headache
Decreased BP
Hyperkalemia
Muscle twitching
Warm, flushed skin
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Changes in LOC (confusion, increased drowsiness)
Kussmaul respirations (compensatory hyperventilation)
Think lower torso symptoms
What are the symptoms of metabolic alkalosis? - Answers -Restlessness followed by
lethargy
Dysrhythmias (Tachycardia)
Compensatory hypoventilation
Confusion (Decreased LOC, dizzy, irritable)
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
What binds free hydrogen ions in solution and lowers the amount of free hydrogen ions
in solution? - Answers -Base
What react either as an acid or as a base and are critical in keeping body fluid pH at
normal levels? - Answers -Buffers
What is the most common base in the human body? - Answers -Bicarbonate
What is the most common acid in the human body? - Answers -Carbonic acid
In heath the body keeps these substances at a constant ratio of what? - Answers -1
molecule of carbonic acid to 20 free bicarbonate ions
Hydrogen ion levels and carbon dioxide levels are ______ related? - Answers -Directly
What happens to pH when excess carbon dioxide is produced, causing an increase in
hydrogen ions? - Answers -pH decreases
What organ of the body controls bicarbonate levels? - Answers -The kidneys
What organ of the body controls CO2 levels? - Answers -The lungs
pH is the result of...? - Answers -How well the kidneys are functioning to retain or
eliminate bicarbonate divided by how well the lungs are functioning to eliminate carbon
dioxide
What forms lactic acid? - Answers -incomplete breakdown of glucose, which occurs
whenever cells metabolize under anaerobic conditions
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