Question 1:
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis
C. Hyperinsulinemia
D. Slow onset in older adults
Answer: B. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis
Question 2:
,Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease?
A. Inflammation confined to the colon with continuous lesions
B. Inflammation that affects only the mucosal layer of the intestine
C. Inflammation that can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract with "skip
lesions"
D. Inflammation limited to the rectum and sigmoid colon
Answer: C. Inflammation that can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract with
"skip lesions"
Question 3:
Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to occur with syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: B. Hyponatremia
Question 4:
What is the primary mechanism by which angiotensin II raises blood pressure?
A. Vasodilation of systemic arterioles
B. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion
C. Promotion of sodium excretion in the kidneys
D. Constriction of arterioles and stimulation of aldosterone secretion
Answer: D. Constriction of arterioles and stimulation of aldosterone secretion
,Question 5:
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a "butterfly-shaped" rash on
the face?
A. Psoriasis
B. Systemic lupus erythematosus
C. Eczema
D. Rosacea
Answer: B. Systemic lupus erythematosus
Question 6:
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the secretion of gastric acid?
A. Cholecystokinin
B. Gastrin
C. Secretin
D. Pepsin
Answer: B. Gastrin
Question 7:
What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
A. Parathyroid adenoma
B. Chronic kidney disease
C. Vitamin D deficiency
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: A. Parathyroid adenoma
Question 8:
, Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's
disease?
A. Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Acetylcholine
D. GABA
Answer: A. DopamineQuestion 9:
Which of the following statements best describes the pathophysiology of multiple
sclerosis (MS)?
A. Degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons
B. Autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
C. Demyelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system
D. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra
Answer: C. Demyelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system
Question 10:
Which type of shock is characterized by a severe allergic reaction and massive
vasodilation?
A. Hypovolemic shock
B. Cardiogenic shock
C. Septic shock
D. Anaphylactic shock
Answer: D. Anaphylactic shock
Question 11:
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