Missouri Government EOC Review
Amendments to the Constitution
# Bill of Rights
1. 1st Amendment: Freedoms of religion, speech, assembly, press, petition.
2. 2nd Amendment: Right to bear arms; a militia is necessary for a free state.
3. 3rd Amendment: Housing of soldiers.
4. 4th Amendmen...
- 26th Amendment: Lowered voting age from 21 to 18.
# Amendment Process
, - Proposing an amendment: Requires a 2/3 vote of each house of Congress or a national convention
called by 2/3 of state legislatures.
- Ratifying an amendment: Ratification by at least 3/4 of state legislatures or by specially called
conventions in at least 3/4 of the states.
Important Legal Principles
- Due Process: Principle from the 5th Amendment that requires the government to follow proper
constitutional procedures in trials and actions against individuals.
Enlightenment Ideas and Influential Thinkers
- Enlightenment: Movement in the 1700s promoting knowledge, reason, and science to improve society;
influenced American revolutionaries.
- Jean Jacques Rousseau: Advocated that laws should reflect the general will of the people (Social
Contract).
- Natural Rights: Rights tied to life, liberty, and property.
- John Locke: Philosopher known for natural rights and social contract theory as outlined in the "Second
Treatise of Government."
- Montesquieu: Author of "The Spirit of the Laws," emphasized separation of powers and influenced the
U.S. Constitution.
- Thomas Hobbes: Wrote "Leviathan," arguing for a strong central government to maintain order.
Fundamental Concepts of Government
- Monarchy: Government led by a hereditary king or queen; can be absolute or constitutional.
- Republic: Government where citizens elect representatives; equivalent to representative democracy.
- Limited Government: Government should not have excessive power to avoid tyranny.
- Federalism: Distribution of power between national and state governments.
- Checks and Balances: System ensuring no branch of government becomes too powerful.
Historical Documents and Concepts
- Magna Carta: Early document limiting monarch power; influenced constitutional law.
- English Bill of Rights: Protected rights of citizens; foundational for the American Bill of Rights.
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