Perinatal Period
o :## conception through the first year after giving birth.
Antenatal
o :## Term meaning "During Pregnancy"
Postpartum/Postnatal
o :## The first year after giving birth
Disorders
o :## Get in the way of daily functioning.
Every year, how many infants are born to mothers who...
o :## conception through the first year after giving birth.
Antenatal
o :## Term meaning "During Pregnancy"
Postpartum/Postnatal
o :## The first year after giving birth
Disorders
o :## Get in the way of daily functioning.
Every year, how many infants are born to mothers who are depressed?
o :## 400,000, making perinatal depression the most under diagnosed obstetric
complication in America.
What is the prevalence of PMAD's for women?
o :## 1 out of 5-7 women.
What is the prevalence of PMAD's for men?
, 2024/2025 2|Page
o :## 1 out of 10 men.
What is the cost of untreated PMAD's?
o :## $14.2 Billion annually
How many pregnancies are unplanned?
o :## ~50%
What are the PMAD etiologies (causes)?
o :## Biological Sensitivity to hormonal changes (sleep deprivation), Vulnerability
(such as genetic disposition), psychological (relationship with own mother,
ambivalence to parenthood, self-image/perfectionism), Social/environmental (hx
of trauma, poor social support, institutional racism).
In what ways does culture influence whether PMAD's are recognized?
o :## There are diverse ways that mothers conceptualize and explain their
symptoms culturally. They may not feel they are safe to express their symptoms.
May be expressed in somatic (eg. stomach pains or appetite changes) or affective
ways (moods, feelings).
Why is there variability in prevalence rates of PMAD's?
, 2024/2025 3|Page
o :## Cultural context, screening inventories, cutoffs used on objective measures,
timing of screening and onset of symptoms, relationship between the subject and
the researcher.
What is the strongest predictor for paternal (fathers) depression.
o :## Maternal depression
When do father's depressive symptoms spike?
o :## Between 3-6 months postpartum
What is "masked" male depression?
o :## Rather than sadnes, men may increase substance use, be more irritable,
aggressive or hostile. May "check out", self isolate.
Possible factors for partner depression.
o :## Feeling burdened/trapped, financial burdens, feeling left out, missing sexual
relationship, sleep deprivation, isolation and loneliness, poor social support
network.
Is this pregnancy emotions or depression? Mood is labile (frequently changes), teary.
o :## Pregnancy
, 2024/2025 4|Page
Is this pregnancy emotions or depression? Mood is gloom, irritable, agitation, or rage
o :## Depression
Is this pregnancy emotions or depression? Self esteem is low. Guilt.
o :## Depression (In pregnancy, self esteem is unchanged)
Is this pregnancy emotions or depression? Difficulty initiating and/or sustaining sleep.
o :## Depression (Having to urinate frequently or having heartburn are symptoms
of pregnancy).
Is this pregnancy or depression? Fatigue, rest does not restore.
o :## Depression (May be tired during pregnancy but rest restores.)
Is this pregnancy or depression? Anhedonia
o :## Depression. Anhedonia is the inability to feel pleasure.
Is this pregnancy or depression? Dysregulation of appetite
o :## Depression
How many new mothers are universally affected by the Baby Blues?
o :## 60-80%
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