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Pharmacology- Module 5 Pulmonology Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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Pharmacology- Module 5 Pulmonology Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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Pharmacology- Module 5 Pulmonology ExamQuestions and Complete Solutions Graded
A+
main function of the respiratory system - Answer: (1) to deliver oxygen to the cells of the body
(2) remove carbon dioxide from the body.
upper respiratory tract (URT) - Answer: outside the chest cavity and includes the nose, and nasopharynx
(down to the larynx).
lower respiratory tract (LRT) - Answer: includes the organs within the chest including the trachea,
bronchial tree, and lungs.
alveoli - Answer: microscopic sacs in lungs, that oxygen diffuses across when a person breathes and is
exchanged for carbon dioxide
Asthma - Answer: - general term for recurrent and reversible shortness of breath resulting from the
narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles
- The narrowing of the bronchioles can be caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, edema and the
production of mucus. This ultimately obstructs airflow meaning that the carbon dioxide cannot get out
and the oxygen cannot get in.
allergic asthma - Answer: caused by outside factors such as allergens
intrinsic asthma - Answer: caused by unknown factors.
In some cases, certain factors have precipitated the asthma attack such as respiratory infections, stress,
or cold weather.
COPD/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Answer: Consists of both emphysema and chronic
bronchitis:
, Emphysema is a disease process involving inflammation of the alveoli.
Chronic Bronchitis is characterized by chronic inflammation or irritation on the lower respiratory tract,
specifically the bronchi.
primary drugs used in the treatment of both asthma and COPD - Answer: bronchodilators and a variety
of anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agents.
similarity between these diseases: - Answer: all involve obstruction of airflow through the airways
Chemical Mediator - Answer: - a substance released from mast cells and white blood cells during
inflammation and allergic reactions.
- responsible for most of the symptoms and complications associated with asthma and COPD.
- Only chemical mediator with known involvement where drug therapy has been shown to help
symptoms is leukotrienes.
Leukotrienes - Answer: - potent bronchoconstrictors with a long duration of action.
- stimulate receptors responsible for bronchoconstriction, edema and other inflammatory actions.
- Class of drugs that inhibit these actions and have an important role in treating asthma specifically--
leukotriene inhibitors
Emphysema - Answer: - occurs when the air spaces within the bronchioles enlarge as a result of the
destruction of the alveolar walls.
- As walls are destroyed, there is less surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
- The cause appears to be enzymes that are released in response to inflammation.
- These enzymes are increased by air pollution, tobacco smoke, and other irritants to the respiratory
tract.
- Hyperinflation is the result of the air spaces being enlarged.
- These patients have difficulty expelling air from the lungs.
- This results in a reduction in gas exchange and the feeling of shortness of breath.
- Emphysema causes irreversible lung damage over time.
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