Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2
questions and answers
Mechanical obstruction (Intussusception) -Correct Answer-Sudden or gradual and partial or complete
blockage of intestinal contents in intestines
Causes of mechanical obstruction -Correct Answer-foreign bodies, tumors, adhesions, hernias,
intussusception (telescoping), volvulus, strictures, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, Hirschsprung's disease,
and fecal impaction
Causes of functional obstruction -Correct Answer-neurologic impairment; intra-abdominal surgery
complications; chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances; infections; abdominal blood supply
impairment; renal and lung disease; and medications (e.g., narcotics)
peritonitis -Correct Answer-inflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity and
surrounding the organs within it)
Why does the abdomen become rigid with peritonitis? -Correct Answer-Due to inflammation And
abdominal muscle spasms
Ulcerative colitis V Chron's -Correct Answer-UC:
- Condition in mucosa only
- Begins in the rectum and then extends to the entire colon
- Develops fast (20-30 sec)
- Rarely affects small intestines
- inflammation triggered by T cells accumulation in mucosa
Chron's:
- Condition that is full thickness
- Can be anywhere in small/large intestine (colon)
- Cobblestone appearance (fissures/nodules)
- loses ability to digest and absorb
- Abd. pain in right lower quadrant
,- Intestinal wall is thick/rigid
- Progressive condition that is slow developing
pancreatitis -Correct Answer-inflammation of the pancreas (acute/chronic)
acute pancreatitis -Correct Answer-Cholelithiasis
-Medical emergency
- sudden and severe
chronic pancreatitis -Correct Answer-Alcohol abuse
- gradual but harmful effects
acute pancreatitis manifestations -Correct Answer-- Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back,
worsens after eating, and is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest
-Nausea and vomiting
-Mild jaundice
-Low-grade fever
-Blood pressure and pulse changes
chronic pancreatitis manifestations -Correct Answer--Upper abdominal pain
-Indigestion
-Losing weight without trying
-Steatorrhea
-Constipation
-Flatulence
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): -Correct Answer-chyme or bile periodically backs up from the
stomach into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa
, causes of heartburn -Correct Answer-due to spasm from acid reflux
GERD complications -Correct Answer-esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer (the most
serious complication), and chronic pulmonary disease
Cleft palate -Correct Answer-palate results from failure of the hard and soft palate to fuse in
development, creating an opening between the oral and nasal cavity
Cleft lip -Correct Answer-Cleft lip results from failure of the maxillary processes and nasal elevations or
upper lip to fuse during development
-Correct Answer-Can affect one's appearance and may lead to feeding issues, speech problems, ear
infections, and hearing problems
· Causes of cleft lip and palate -Correct Answer-develop at 4-9 weeks gestation- genetic mutations, drugs,
toxins, viruses, vitamin deficiencies, and cigarette smoking
appendicitis & manifestations -Correct Answer-inflammation of the appendix & Sharp abdominal pain
gradually intensifies (over about 12-24 hours), localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen,
Rebound tenderness, (Pain may occur anywhere in abdomen; will temporarily subside if the appendix
ruptures, and then the pain will return and escalate), Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and
bowel pattern changes, Indications of inflammation and infection (e.g., fever, chills, and leukocytosis),
Indications of peritonitis (e.g., abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, and hypotension)
acute gastritis & manifestations -Correct Answer-inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining
- Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage, Usually develops
suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain, Vomiting and Anorexia (loss of
appetite)
chronic gastritis & manifestations -Correct Answer-inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining
-Develops gradually, May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a
sensation of fullness after minimal intake, Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive
