penumbra
The area of unsharpness in the projected shadow of an object.
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Radiopaque
Substances that do not permit the passage of x-rays
Radiolucent
Substances that readily permit the passage of x-rays
Density
"The overall degree of blackness on the film"
Radiographic Density is the property that allows one to say: This film is "Too light" or that one is
"Too dark"
Contrast
, "The difference in densities between adjacent areas of a radiograph"
or "The range of densities from white to black"
Latitude
The range of exposures that make a suitable radiograph
Primary Controlling Factors for density
1. Milliamperage (mA)
2. Exposure Time (sec)
Total exposure formula
mA x sec = mAs = Total exposure
Note: As long as mAs is equal, film density will also be equal.
Example: 10 mA x 1.5 sec = 15 mAs
15 mA x 1sec = 15 mAs
Properties of X-Rays
Appearance: X-rays are invisible.
Mass: X-rays have no mass or weight.
Charge: X-rays have no charge.
Speed: X-rays travel at the speed of light.
Wavelength: X-rays travel in waves and have short wavelengths with a high frequency.
Path of travel: X-rays travel in straight lines and can be deflected, or scattered.
Focusing capability: X-rays cannot be focused to a point and always diverge from a point.
Penetrating power: X-rays can penetrate liquids, solids, and gases. The composition of the
substance determines whether x-rays penetrate or pass through, or are absorbed.
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