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EXAM 3 NURS 5315 Questions with correct Answers latest 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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EXAM 3 NURS 5315 Questions with correct Answers latest 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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EXAM 3 NURS 5315Pulmonary Disease - ANS *classified into 2 broad categories
-restrictive vs obstructive
- infectious vs noninfectious
Restrictive disorders - ANS *unable to breath air in
* these ppl have low lung volumes on PFTs
*lung volumes are the amount of air the lungs contain at a given time during ventilation.
*Examples= aspirations, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, and
pulmonary edema
Obstructive disorders - ANS *unable to exhale the air that has been inhaled
* have high volumes on PFTs
* Examples= asthma and COPD
Infectious Disorders - ANS * Pneumonia and TB
Non-infectious pulmonary disorder - ANS pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary
hypertension
Acute Respiratory Failure - ANS * 2 main types= hypoxemia and hypercapnia
* may result from direct injury
* may be triggered by an injury or dysfunction to one or more body systems or organs
* may occur postoperatively secondary to anesthesia or narcotics
* in either case the main dysfunction is an impairment in diffusion which result in low oxygen
levels or retained CO2
* most pulmonary diseases can cause respiratory failure as can brain or spinal cord injuries
Hypoxemia respiratory failure - ANS * PaO2 less than or equal to 50mmHg
* from inadequate diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries
* disorder examples= pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia
Hypercapnic respiratory failure - ANS * PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50mmHg
* from inadequate alveolar ventilation
* cause= depression of respiratory function from meds, abnormal spinal cord, disorders of the
medulla, disease of neuromuscular junction, chest wall injury, COPD, and obstruction or large
airways.
Pneumothorax - ANS * presence of air or gas in the pleural space
* air may press against the lungs and cause the lung to collapse
, * 2 main types= spontaneous and secondary
* clinical manifestations= sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds,
and HYPERRESONANCE TO PERCUSSION
Spontaneous pneumothorax - ANS * occurs in males 20-40 years of age that are tall and thin
* may occur in bleb ruptures in ppl with emphysema
* smoking increases the risk
* bleb ruptures may be at rest or exercise and in the apexes
* may be a genetic component or family history
Secondary pneumothorax - ANS * caused by trauma
* tension pneumothorax occurs when air becomes trapped and can't escape
* site of injury acts as a one way valve only letting air in
* pt may experience a complete lung collapse
* signs are a deviated trachea, shortness of breath, and hypotension
Pulmonary Edema - ANS * accumulation of water in the pulmonary alveolar sacs
* prevents proper exchange of gas
* leads to dyspnea, chest pain, and hypoxia
* may have orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
* pulmonary edema is most commonly caused by left sided heart failure
* LSHF the blood backs up into the lungs and increases the capillary hydrostatic pressure, this
pushes fluid into the alveolar sacs
* other causes are ARDS, inhalation of toxic gases, increased pulmonary venous pressure, and
damaged alveolar capillaries
* ARDS and toxic gases lead to capillary injury and leads to movement of fluid into the alveolar
space
postobstructive pulmonary edema or re-expansion pulmonary edema - ANS * occurs after
relieving airway obstruction
*patho- inspiration against an occluded airway creates creates excessive intrathoracic negative
pressure, this creates increased venous return to the right side of the heart and a decreased
outflow of blood from the left side of the heart, this creates increased pulmonary blood volume
and pressure, thus causing pulmonary edema
*CM= dyspnea, pulmonary rales, DULLNESS TO PERCUSSION, s3 heart sound, and frothy
sputum
Acute lung injury/ ARDS - ANS * respiratory failure from massive lung inflammation and
disseminated alveolar capillary damage
* impairs gas exchange and causes problems with oxygenation
* pneumonia, sepsis, massive trauma, burns, aspirations, DIC, and pancreatitis increase the risk
* ARDS is most severe lung injury- characterized by bilateral lung infiltrates on an X RAY
* elderly or immunocompromised have a high mortality
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