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NURS 611 Patho – Maryville: Questions With Solutions
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NURS 611 Patho – Maryville: Questions With Solutions
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NURS 611 Patho – Maryville: Questions With SolutionsWhat is Apoptosis? Right Ans - A programmed cell death
What is necrosis? Right Ans - Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or
tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
Characteristics of tissue necrosis Right Ans - 1) Rapid loss of of the plasma
membrane structure
2) Organelle swelling
3) Mitochondrial dysfunction
Hypoxia Right Ans - What is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to
necrosis. (especially the kidney and heart)
What is hypertrophy? Right Ans - Is an increase in the size of cells
Physiologic hypertrophy Right Ans - Hypertrophy of myocardial cells such
as in endurance training
Pathologic hypertrophy Right Ans - Occurs secondary to HTN
What is Hyperplasia Right Ans - Increase in the number of cells
Pathological hyperplasia Right Ans - Endometrial hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia Right Ans - Removal of 70% of the liver- can
regenerate in about 2 weeks
What is Metaplasia Right Ans - Replacement of cells
Example of Metaplasia Right Ans - Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells
of the brohchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial
cells
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have on cells?
Right Ans - Reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-
potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium
,out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular
swelling results.
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases? Right Ans - These reactive oxygen species play major roles in the
initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with
hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and
chronic heart failure.
What are free radicals? Right Ans - Electrically uncharged atom or group of
atoms having an unpaired electron.
How are free radicals formed? Right Ans - Having one unpaired electron
makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to
another molecule or steals one.
Free radical species Right Ans - Are capable of injurious chemical bond
formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes
and nucleic acids.
What are the Lysosomes? Right Ans - Enzymatic digestion of cellular
organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA and
RNA
What are peroxisomes? Right Ans - membrane-bound organelles in most
Eukaryotic cells, primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the conversion of
reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like
water and oxygen
How does the body metabolize Ethanol Right Ans - Liver enzymes
metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol.
Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? Right Ans
- DNA
What is Sarcopenia Right Ans - Muscular atrophy
, What are some example of aging of cell/tissues Right Ans - - Increased
peripheral vascular resistance
- Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of the stomach
- Decreased immune response
What are indications of dehydration? Right Ans - Headache, thirst, dry skin,
and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or
concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. S/sx of
hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness, and postural
hypotension.
Oncotic pressure Right Ans - A form of osmotic pressure exerted by
proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that
usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system.
What activates osmoreceptors? Right Ans - An increase in osmotic
pressure of the plasma
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of what? Right Ans - A
reduction in plasma oncotic pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Right Ans - Produced by the myocardial
atria
Brain natriuretic peptide Right Ans - Produced by the myocardial
ventricles
What are the antagonists of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
(RAAS) Right Ans - Natriuretic Peptides: ANP, BNP, and urodilation with
the kidney
What are the effects of natriuretic peptides? Right Ans - Decrease blood
pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? Right Ans - Is
a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
How does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) function?
Right Ans - When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the
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