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Maryville NURS 611 Exam 4: Questions With Solutions
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Maryville NURS 611 Exam 4: Questions With Solutions
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Maryville NURS 611 Exam 4: Questions With SolutionsHow much of the cardiac output do the kidneys require? Right Ans - 20-
25%
What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones? Right Ans -
sensory innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th
thoracic nerve root.
What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults? Right Ans -
confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort (symptoms are vague).
What is pyelonephritis? Right Ans - it is an infection of one or both upper
urinary tracts(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium).
What are the underlying risk factors for the development of pyelonephritis?
Right Ans - urinary obstruction and reflux of urine from the bladder
(vesicoureteral reflux).
What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis? Right Ans
- e. coli, proteus, or pseudomonas.
What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the risk
of stone formation? Right Ans - the microorganisms split urea into
ammonia, making alkaline urine that increases the risk.
Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). Right Ans - it is a
condition that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious
cystitis.
It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune response.
What happens during an autoimmune reaction? Right Ans - it may be
responsible for inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation,
altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory
nerve stimulation.
How is a diagnosis of IC differentiated from a diagnosis of pyelonephritis?
Right Ans - urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical signs and symptoms. White
, blood cell casts indicate pyelonephritis, but they are not always present in the
urine.
What lab values point to a reduced GFR? Right Ans - elevated plasma urea,
creatinine concentration, or reduced renal creatinine clearance.
What is acute glomerulonephritis? Right Ans - it is a term that includes
renal diseases that cause glomerular inflammation through immune
mechanisms.
What happens to the GFR during an inflammatory response? Right Ans -
the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium,
basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes) are damaged by
inflammation causing immune mechanisms.
What are the classic symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? Right Ans -
sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria
(milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms
are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
What is nephrotic syndrome? Right Ans - It is the excretion of 3.0 g or more
of protein (massive proteinuria) in the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less
than 3.0 g/dl), and peripheral edema.
What is nephrotic syndrome characteristic of? Right Ans - glomerular
injury.
What are the primary causes of nephrotic syndrome? Right Ans - minimal
change disease (lipoid nephrosis), membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal
segmental glomerulosclerosis.
What are the secondary forms of nephrotic syndrome? Right Ans - they
occur in systemic diseases including DM, amyloidosis, and SLE. It is also seen
with certain drugs, infections, malignancies, and vascular disorders.
Acute kidney injury is also known as renal failure. Explain chronic and acute
kidney injuries. Right Ans - kidney failure can be chronic and progressive.
Acute occurs rapidly within hours, and may be reversible.
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