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BGM3039 - MedTech Vaccines Study Set Exam
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BGM3039 - MedTech VaccinesStudy Set Exam
Immunisation - Answer The act of making someone/something immune to a particular
disease
Vaccination - Answer The deliberate induction of an adaptive immune response by
injecting Ag to stimulate an immune response and create immunological memory
e.g. dead/attenuated/non-pathogenic form of a pathogen
Types of immunity - Answer Active - natural = natural infection, artifical = immunisation
Passive - natural = transfer of maternal IgG/IgA, artificial = natural human/animal Ig or
recombinant chimeric/humanised Ig/scFv
Passive immunity - Answer Protection by transfer of a specific, high-titre Ab from an
immune donor to a non-immune recipient (passive transfer)
Immune cells from an immunised individual may be used to transfer immunity
Gives immediate protection but only transient immunity and protection
Natural Passive Immunity - Answer Required for neonatal protection - IgG transferred
from mother to foetus
Maternal IgA transferred through colostral transfer
An IgG dip occurs in neonates between 3-6 months old due to declining maternal IgG
Artifical Passive Immunity - Answer Occurs when a person is given an injection
containing antibodies made by another organism - pooled specific Ig
Animal sera, usually isolated from immunised large animals e.g. horses is used to
neutralise toxins and venoms to stop them binding to target receptors on cell surfaces
Passive Immunisation - Ebola - Answer Ebola infection causes a deadly haemorrhagic
disease for which there are two licensed vaccines - both mAb targeting EBOV
glycoprotein
EBOV GP responsible for the binding and infection of the virus to
hepatocytes/endothelial cells/mononuclear phagocytes (via C-type
lectins/DC-SIGN/integrins)
Secreted GP has a role in EVD pathogenesis
, Ebola therapies - Answer REGN-EB3 (Inmazeb) - 3 mAb cocktail which bind to EBOV GP
Ebanga (Ansuvimab) - isolated from immortalised B cells from an Ebola survivor, binds
to EBOV GP
Covid and mAbs - Answer No licensed mAb therapies yet due to immune evasion by new
variants
Immune memory proof - Answer Efficacy demonstrated by individuals becoming immune
to previously caught and recovered from disease caused by the same pathogen
(passive Ab therapy is transient)
Variolation - Answer peeling scabs from smallpox survivor lesions, drying, grinding into
a powder and blowing them up a patients nose - ancient China
Edward Jenner 1796 - Answer Noted cowpox survivors did not catch smallpox
Infected a young boy with cowpox pus and smallpox and the boy survived
Immunological memory - Answer The ability of the immune system to respond more
rapidly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens
Reflects the pre-existence of a clonally expanded population of Ag-specific T and/or B
lymphocytes
Goals of vaccinations - Answer To artifically induce a long-lived immunological memory
in the host to protect against subsequent re-infection
Can last the lifespan of the host e.g. smallpox, yellow fever, polio, measles
Immunological Memory - B cells - Answer The secondary response to a pathogen
reflects a larger frequency of Ag-specific cells (memory cells) present after the primary
response that have persisted
Ab produced have higher affinity due to somatic hypermutation
Somatic hypermutation - Answer Mutation that occurs at high frequency in the
rearranged variable-region DNA segments of Ig genes (H and L regions) in activated B
cells, resulting in the production of variant antibodies, some of which have a higher
affinity for the Ag - random process
Memory B cell formation - Answer During the initial expansion of Ag-specific B cell
clones, some of the progeny cells don't become plasma cells instead reverting to small
lymphocytes that maintain the same Ag-specific BCR on their surface
Naive B cells - Answer Upon encountering Ag, the memory B cells respond quicker and
more effectively than other B cells that haven't yet reacted with the same Ag
Advantages of Ag-specific memory B cells - Answer Long-lived
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