MICR 270 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH REVISED ANSWERS –
UPDATED!!
autocrine signaling - Answer-the target cell is also the secreting cell
paracrine signalling - Answer-Target cells near secreting cells (regulate neighbors)
endocrine signalling - Answer-A mode of transmission for signalling molecules that act
on cells that are far from the cell that secretes them.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines - Answer-induce inflammatory response in the body (ex:
TNF alpha)
Anti-inflammatory cytokines - Answer-reduce the inflammatory response by inhibiting
pro-inflammatory cytokines and activating healing cells
purpose of inflammation - Answer--to localize infection
-to prevent spread of pathogens
-to destroy and detoxify pathogens
-to aid in repair and healing
pattern recognition receptors - Answer-major mechanism used by innate immunity,
recognize repeated molecular patterns of pathogens
PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) - Answer-Molecules structures on the
surface or inside of pathogens
ex: dsRNA
DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) - Answer-molecules released by
stressed cells undergoing necrosis (ex: DNA found outside of the nucleus)
TLRs (toll-like receptors) - Answer-Class of PRR that...
1. Recognize PAMPs or DAMPS
2. induce expression of signalling to activate T-cells
phagocytic cells - Answer-neutrophils and macrophages, dendritic cells
humoral immunity - Answer-specific immunity produced by B cells that produce
antibodies that circulate in the body
, cell mediated immunity - Answer-type of immunity produced by T cells that attack
infected or abnormal body cells
IgG - Answer-can cross the placental barrier
IgA - Answer-protects mucous membranes
IgE - Answer-allergic reactions
IgM - Answer-first antibody produced in IR and activates complement, thus amplifies
inflammatory response
IgD - Answer-found on the surface of B cells
cytokine networks - Answer-coordinate Its and modulate the balance b/w humeral and
cell mediated immunity
lymphocyte activation - Answer-interactions with other immune cells to mediate the
efficacy of the IR
interleukins - Answer-affect proliferation and differentiation of cells, and regulate
immune and inflammatory processes
interferons - Answer-induce antiviral state and inhibit replication of viruses
TNFs (Tumor Necrosis Factors) - Answer-involved in systemic inflammation (septic
shock), tumour regression and apoptosis
growth factors - Answer-Regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division
occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate.
MHCs are - Answer-molecules that display antigenic peptides on the surface of cells
and are recognized by T-cell receptors and their coreceptors (CD4+ or CD8+) to initiate
an adaptive IR.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - Answer-cells that process protein antigens and
present them on their surface in a form that can be recognized by lymphocytes
professional APCs - Answer-dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells (MHC II)
non-professional APCs - Answer-fibroblasts and glial cells
function of APCs - Answer-internalize pathogens by receptor mediated endocytosis and
process them into peptides which can be displayed on MHC for T cells to recognize
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