NURS 3366 PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC
PROCESSES (Implications for
Nursing) Exam 3 Review Study Guide
University of Texas Arlington
, lOMoAR cPSD| 43283024
Exam 3 Patho Review
Flow of blood through the heart:
• inferior/superior vena cava
• right atrium
• tricuspid valve
• right ventricle
• pulmonic valve
• pulmonary artery
• lungs where it becomes oxygenated
• pulmonary veins
• left atrium – bicuspid valve
• left ventricle
• aortic valve
• aorta
Cardiac Output: the amount of blood that leaves the heart within
a minute
o Determined by SV x HR
o Changes in HR, SV, preload, afterload, and contractility will effect CO.
Heart Rate: the number of times the heart beats in one minute
o SA node is the “pacemaker” for HR
Stroke Volume: the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle with each beat
o Contingent upon preload (venous return), afterload (amount of pressure in the aorta that the
left ventricle has to overcome), and contractility (force of contraction).
How does vasodilation effect afterload? It decreases it because artery is getting bigger, so the pressure
decreases.
Alterations in the function of the heart: Heart Rate
Tachycardia: heart rate is faster than normal (>100 beats/min).
o Causes: SNS stimulation, secretions of epinephrine, and hyperkalemia which causes hypo
polarization of the cell (hyperactive).
Bradycardia: heart rate is slower than normal (<60 beats/min)
o Causes: PNS stimulation, stimulation of vagus nerve which secretes ACH, hypokalemia which
causes hyperpolarization of the cell (lethargic), SA/AV nodes glitches, or ischemia from right
coronary artery blockage – RCA feeds the SA node, if no oxygen to SA node it will stop working
properly.
Dysrhythmia: irregular rhythm pattern instead of normal sinus rhythm
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