1. Primary Structure:
Definition: The primary structure of a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids that make
up the polypeptide chain.
Importance: The specific order of amino acids determines the protein's unique identity and
influences its folding and function.
2. Secondary Structure:
Definition: Secondary structure refers to the local folding patterns within a polypeptide chain.
The two most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets.
Alpha Helix:
A helical structure where the polypeptide chain coils like a spring.
Stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and the amide
hydrogen of an amino acid four residues away.
Beta Sheet:
A sheet-like structure where adjacent strands are connected by hydrogen bonds.
Can be parallel or antiparallel, depending on the direction of neighboring strands.
3. Tertiary Structure:
Definition: Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional arrangement of the entire
polypeptide chain, including its secondary structures.
Stabilizing Forces:
Tertiary structure is stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide
bridges, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic attractions.
Folded Domains:
Proteins often consist of distinct folded domains, each with a specific function. Domains are
independently folded units within a protein.
Biochemistry ACS Exam
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