Research Design in Counseling Exam
Questions With Correct Answers.
HOW WE LEARN - answer✔✔Authority-someone we perceive as an expert said so. We are
taught to not question, we believe becomes someone says so.
Intuition-we know because it makes sense, it agrees with reason.
Tenacity- we know it because we've always known, but we don't know why we know it.
Scientific methods-empirical test to establish fact. Design choice strength and limitations,
(alternative 5th learning style)Experiential- learning from your own reality. The clients have a
very different realty from their therapists.
Quantitative research - answer✔✔objective, reductionist. Typically born of qualitative research.
post positivism- truth cannot be fully known- and we use probable statements.
Hypothesis and null hypothesis- in results we can support the research hypo but we cannot prove
it. Goal is to reject the null hypothesis
Qualitative research - answer✔✔utilizes a sample, often blind. Bias is prevalent, must be
reduced. No truth will be discovered, only the truth the participants find as reality. Not easily
generalized. Notes in therapy are considered qualitative research. Bias is expected.
constructivism-reality is constructed in the mind of individuals and cannot be proven true or
false. Critical theory- constructions take on the appearance of social reality.
What is a research question? - answer✔✔A research question is simply a question about a topic.
It does not state the expected relationship
3 criteria
It is a question
It explores some type of relationship between variables.
It is measurable. (how do you plan to measure it-operational definitions come into
play,assessements,statistics)
What are the 3 types of research questions? - answer✔✔Descriptive- explain what, why
happening- generally is qualitative
Differences - comparison group to control group, status variables, looking at groups based on
gender or race- can be qualitative or quantitative
Relationship question- correlational, when one increase the other increases or decreases (inverse
relation)- generally quantitative
What is a hypothesis? - answer✔✔A hypothesis states the expected relationship.
Random sample - answer✔✔every one has an equal chance of being selected for the control
group or the treatment group.Purpose of random sampling is to remove systematic
Random assignment - answer✔✔those subjects randomly selected are then randomly assigned to
a control or experimental group.
Sampling bias - answer✔✔when everyone in the selection does not have an equal chance of
being selected
Systematic bias - answer✔✔some type of reason that people are being selected that makes it
nonrandom)
Sample - answer✔✔intended to generalize result to the greater population
Steps to consider when creating a population sample; - answer✔✔Pinpoint certain characteristics
about the population you want to research (age, sex id, live, etc.) Define these characteristics as
much as possible. From here, identify your participant pool. First make sure they fit the target
population and that they are accessible to the research
Convenience sample - answer✔✔easily accessible population, like undergraduate students, but
in order to do research you takes what is available to you.
Challenges when creating a population - answer✔✔Geography presents the greatest challenges
in accessing the target population. Mail generally results in poor results. Internet has improved
the outcome of surveys and studies.
Any time you do research, they have to consent to participate. There are key differences in those
who will volunteer versus those who will not volunteer for research.
Power analysis - answer✔✔enough participants to generalize the findings. The likelihood you
will detect an effect when one is present.
Alpha Levels - answer✔✔Smaller alpha levels reduce the power and make it difficult to reject
the null. Typically under .05, sometimes .01 (rejecting the null hypothesis indicates there is a
relationship, more likely a type II error)
Tail tests - answer✔✔One tail test and two tail tests - one tail is going in one direction (+ or -),
two tail nondirectional
One tail tests are more powerful, two tail tests are cut in half and the area is limited in both
directions
α =.05
Quantitative Design - answer✔✔We want to describe the nature of the relationships
Explanatory is going to be something that is explained
Exploratory is something to be explored
Survey Design - answer✔✔• Quantity
• Mass
• Distribution
• Questionnaire (efficient way to collect information, likely way to get responses back)
Survey Research - answer✔✔1st must match
Define sample
Developing and selecting survey off shelf or creating own survey or design own survey
, the study of society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection
Scale construction - answer✔✔• Conceptualize and operationalize construct of interest
• Conduct literature review to make sure it is grounded in previous research
• Generate items, indicators and response formats (what is the question, how do they respond,
forced choice or not, multiple answers or just one answer; in each question deal with one central
thought, avoid awkward wording- it needs to make sense the first time they read, avoid irrelevant
information, present items in positive language, avoid double negatives, avoid absolute terms "all
or none" or indeterminate terms "frequently or sometimes")
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Thebright. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
