©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/26/2024 11:32 AM
NYSTCE CST Multisubject Part 1 (241)
Exam Questions And Correct Answers
Phonics - answer✔✔A method of teaching students to read by correlating sounds with letters or
groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system. Children are taught, for example, that the letter
n represents the sound /n/, and that it is the first letter in words such as nose, nice and new.
Phonological Processing - answer✔✔The use of phonemes to process spoken and written
language. The broad category of phonological processing includes phonological awareness,
phonological working memory, and phonological retrieval.
Phonological Awareness - answer✔✔Awareness of the sound structure of a language and the
ability to consciously analyze and manipulate this structure via a range of tasks, such as speech
sound segmentation and blending at the word, onset-rime, syllable, and phonemic levels.
Development of Phonological Awareness - answer✔✔1. Word awareness
2. Responsiveness to rhyme and alliteration during word play
3. Syllable awareness
4. Onset and rime manipulation
5. Phoneme awareness
1. Word awareness - answer✔✔Tracking the words in sentences. Knowledge that words have
meaning. (less important to teach directly)
Strategy: read-aloud, alphabet chants, high-frequency word books
2. Responsiveness to rhyme and alliteration during word play - answer✔✔Enjoying and reciting
learned rhyming words or alliterative phrases in familiar storybooks or nursery rhymes.
Strategy: poetry books, alphabet chants, picture flashcards w/ objects whose names rhyme.
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(Flashcards can be used in sorting and classifying activities.)
3. Syllable awareness - answer✔✔Counting, tapping, blending, or segmenting a word into
syllables.
Strategy: Flashcards w/ objects whose names contain different numbers of syllables.
(Flashcards can be used in sorting activity.)
4. Onset and rime manipulation - answer✔✔Onset is the initial consonant in a one-syllable word.
Rime includes the remaining sounds, including the vowel and any sounds that follow. The ability
to produce a rhyming word depends on understanding that rhyming words have the same rime.
Recognizing a rhyme is much easier than producing a rhyme.
Strategy: Blending and substitution activities.
5. Phonemic awareness - answer✔✔This is the student's awareness of the smallest units of sound
in a word. It also refers to a student's ability to segment, blend, and manipulate these units.
- Identify and match the initial sounds in words, then the final and middle sounds (e.g., "Which
picture begins with /m/?"; "Find another picture that ends in /r/").
- Segment and produce the initial sound, then the final and middle sounds (e.g., "What sound
does zoo start with?"; "Say the last sound in milk"; "Say the vowel sound in rope").
- Blend sounds into words (e.g., "Listen: /f/ /ē/ /t/. Say it fast").
- Segment the phonemes in two- or three-sound words, moving to four- and five- sound words as
the student becomes proficient (e.g., "The word is eyes. Stretch and say the sounds: /ī/ /z/").
- Manipulate phonemes by removing, adding, or substituting sounds (e.g., "Say smoke without
the /m/").
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM STUDY SOLUTIONS 8/26/2024 11:32 AM
Strategy: listening to alliterative passages, blending and segmenting words, and manipulating
sounds in words through substitution, deletion, and addition of phonemics. Elkonin boxes are
provided for tactile blending and segmenting activities.
Phonological Working Memory - answer✔✔Involves storing phoneme information in a
temporary, short-term memory store. This phonemic information is then readily available for
manipulation during phonological awareness tasks.
Phonological Retrieval - answer✔✔Phonological retrieval is the ability to recall the phonemes
associated with specific graphemes, which can be assessed by rapid naming tasks.
Phoneme Manipulation Task (Strategy) - answer✔✔Tasks that tap into phonological processing,
such as phoneme manipulation tasks (say "cat" without the kuh), have proven to be some of the
strongest correlates and predictors of learning to read.
Orthographic Processing - answer✔✔Defined as "the ability to form, store, and access
orthographic representations." Orthography is the methodology of writing a language, which
primarily consists of
spelling, but includes, contractions, punctuation and capitalization.
Semantic Processing - answer✔✔Encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words
with similar meaning.
Syntactic Processing - answer✔✔The order and arrangement of words in phrases and sentences;
you might depend in part on syntactic processing to know the difference between "The cat is on
the mat" and "The mat is on the cat."
Discourse Processing - answer✔✔Focus on the ways in which readers and listeners comprehend
language.
Development of Oral Language - answer✔✔1. Cooing
2. Babbling
3. One-Word Stage
4. Telegraphic Stage
5. Beginning Oral Fluency
1. Cooing - answer✔✔As early as six weeks, infants begin to make cooing sounds, resemble
vowel sounds. Children are learning to make sounds by manipulating their tongues, mouths, and
breathing.
2. Babbling - answer✔✔Around 4-6 mo, they begin to babble making repeated consonant-vowel
sounds. More complex babbling develops around 8-10 mo.
