NURS242 Exam 3 Questions With Correct
Answers
What is ventilation? - answerthe movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - answerthe circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - answerincreased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
...
What is ventilation? - answer✔✔the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - answer✔✔the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - answer✔✔increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - answer✔✔decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - answer✔✔lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - answer✔✔surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - answer✔✔opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction;
primarily determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - answer✔✔ease with which the lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in? - answer✔✔neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - answer✔✔elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? - answer✔✔complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles
containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout
the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
What produces surfactant? - answer✔✔produced by the Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law? - answer✔✔velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - answer✔✔resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - answer✔✔the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - answer✔✔the top of the lungs are more
distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - answer✔✔lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - answer✔✔vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - answer✔✔pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - answer✔✔capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - answer✔✔acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - answer✔✔alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - answer✔✔deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - answer✔✔decreased tissue oxygen
What is anemic hypoxia? - answer✔✔decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - answer✔✔decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood
flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - answer✔✔decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic
substance
What is ischemia? - answer✔✔greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system,
producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - answer✔✔increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - answer✔✔dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation;
headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia;
dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - answer✔✔respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from
increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias;
seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - answer✔✔subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to? - answer✔✔decreased sense of wellness which may cause
psychological and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - answer✔✔lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - answer✔✔cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - answer✔✔cough, hemoptysis (blood in cough
sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - answer✔✔squamous cell lung carcinoma (25-
40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - answer✔✔foreign body aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
What is complete acute airway obstruction? - answer✔✔inspiratory chest movements but no air
movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
What is partial acute airway obstruction? - answer✔✔stridor (harsh vibrating noise), wheezing,
dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions (chest moving inward)
What are some respiratory disorders in children? - answer✔✔upper airway infections: viral
croup, spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis;
lower airway infections: acute bronchiolitis
What is croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)? - answer✔✔inflammation of the larynx with a sudden
onset;
barking cough with stridor
What are the manifestations of viral croup? - answer✔✔febrile;
upper respiratory infection precedes
What are the manifestations of spasmodic croup? - answer✔✔afebrile;
may be allergic
What is epiglotitis? - answer✔✔bacterial infection of supraglottic structures;
high mortality without treatment
What are the clinical manifestations of epiglottitis? - answer✔✔fever; dyspnea; dysphagia;
drooling; refusal to eat; orthopnea; protruding tongue; wheezing; stridor
What is bronchiolitis? - answer✔✔viral infection of the lower airways often caused by
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV);
may lead to respiratory failure
What are the clinical manifestations of bronchiolitis? - answer✔✔breathlessness; rapid and
shallow breathing; wheezing; retractions; cyanosis; pallor
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