Darwin published On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural
Selection (1859)
Origin of Species challenged a cen-
turies-old worldview
Can we test whether Earth is
~6000 years old?
Doctrine of Signatures
fossils
- Darwin made two points:
-- today's organisms descended from an-
cestral s...
BIO 251 exam 5- pop
bio Q&As (final)
- Darwin made two points:
-- today's organisms descended from an-
Darwin published On the Origin of cestral species
Species by Means of Natural -- natural selection was mechanism for
Selection (1859) evolutionary change in pops
- 1700's dominant philosophy was natur-al
theology:
- proposed that adaptations of organ-isms
were evidence that Creator had designed
each species for purpose (im-mutable)
Origin of Species challenged a cen-
- Earth was created and life began 4004
turies-old worldview years BCE - Bishop James Ussher (10/26)
- Darwin's time: stratification (sedimenta-ry
rocks)
-- not immutability: fossils, fossils
change over time
-- don't hold up to observations in
natural world
-- they already existed but he knew
about them bc
-- seashells in rocks of mtns MILES from the
Can we test whether Earth is
ocean and thousands feet above sea level
~6000 years old? (was under the sea at some point)
- can today: it is more than 6000 years
old
- belief that the Creator left signs in plants
and other organisms that showed which
ailments or organs they were in-tended to
treat
- ie looks like a kidney, treats a kidney
Doctrine of Signatures - mineralized in sedimentary rocks
(which form when mud/sand settle
to bottom of seas/lakes/marshes)
- fossils within layers show succession
of organisms that have populated Earth
fossils
1/42
, exam 5- pop bio (final)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cbcbsm
- Carolus Linnaeus: developed taxono-my
- Georges Cuvier: developed paleontol-ogy
- Hutton and Lyell: gradualism & unifor-
mitarianism
-- Earth far older than 6000 yrs (biblical
Darwin was influenced by those who inference)
preceeded him: -- gradual changes from uniform processes
over long time add up to sub-stantial
change
- Lamarck: proposed early mechanism for
evolution
- taxonomy= system for naming
species/grouping them into hierarchy
of increasingly complex categories
- all these about phenotypes (bc
doing God's work)
Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish botanist) - 3 domains= Bacteria, Archaea, Eu-
karya (BAE)
- conduct glycolysis
- DNA replication
- have ribosomes
- same genetic code
- relationship between domains: bac-
shared traits of all 3 domains teria= ancestral taxon; eukarya & ar-
chaea= sister taxa; all on deepest phy-
logeny
- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Or-
der, Family, Genus, Species
- Did King Phillip Come Over For
Good Spaghetti?
- don't keep pregnant cows off fertile
Order of classification grading slopes (kingdom, phylum,
class, order, family, genus, species)
- paleontology= study of fossils
- documented succession of
fossil species in Paris Basin
2/42
, exam 5- pop bio (final)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cbcbsm
- knew that extinction was common in
history of life
- catastrophism= boundaries b/w strata
were due to local flood/drought that de-
Georges Cuvier- late 1800s
stroyed species then present
-- doesn't explain global changes
- areas repopulated by species immigrat-
ing from other unaffected areas
- James Hutton proposed that land
forms (ie canyons) could be explained by
mechanisms currently operating
James Hutton & Charles Lyell (gradual- -- gradualism: profound change results
ism & uniformitarianism) from slow/cont processes
- Charles Lyell proposed geological
processes had not changed throughout
Earth's history: uniformitarianism
- proposed species evolved by inheri-
tance of acquired traits
- evolution directed by God towards per-
fection
- body parts used to cope with environ-
ment became larger/stronger (not used
-> deteriorated)
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1809) - ex= giraffe necks: long bc always reach-
ing higher to get tastier leaves at top
of trees (extend length of neck during
lifetime)
-- contradicts immutability
-- technically could be epigenetics
(change to expression of genes that can
affect offspring)
- medicine at University of Edinburgh, left
w/o degree, enrolled Cambridge Univer-
sity (to become clergyman)
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - at time: most naturalists/scientists be-
longed to clergy (viewed world in context
of natural theology)
- after graduates, Darwin recommended
3/42
, exam 5- pop bio (final)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cbcbsm
to be conversation companion to Cap-tain
Robert FitzRoy (preparing survey ship
Beagle for voyage around world)
-- FitzRoy chose Darwin bc of education,
similar social class, similar age
- mission of Beagle was to chart parts of
South American coastline
- Darwin collected specimens:
South American flora and fauna
- explored wide range habitats: jungles,
deserts, mtns
- observed species: varied geographical-
ly but in logical way (formed pattern)
-- organisms from diff regions of South
Field research helped Darwin frame America more similar to each other than
his view of life to organisms from Europe
-- fossils more closely resembled mod-ern
species from that continent than those
from Europe
- biogeography= logical geographic
vari-ations in species
- equilibrium # species depends on
island size (bigger & closer= more
species)
-- identity of species doesn't matter
- helps us understand conservation
island biogeographic theory: E. O. Wil- goals
son (& Robert MacArthur) - tradeoff b/w immigration & extinction
(smaller= more subject to extinction
and less immigration)
*include simbarloff and mangrove is-
lands
- species on Galapagos lived nowhere
else but resembled species living on
4/42
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