MU NURS 611: Adv Patho
- Exam 4 Review -
Pulmonary System
Questions and Complete
Solutions Graded A+
Denning [Date] [Course title]
, eupnea - Answer: normal breathing; RR 8-16 breaths/min
tidal volume - Answer: 400-800 ml
sigh breaths - Answer: helps maintain normal lung function; usually 1.5 to 2 times normal tidal volume;
occurs approximately 10-12x/hr
Kussmaul respirations - Answer: slightly increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volume, no expiratory
pause
Cheyne-Stokes - Answer: characterized by alterhating periods of deep and shallow breathing; apnea
lasting 15-60 seconds followed by respirations that increase in volume until peak is reached, then
ventilation decreases agin to apnea; results from any condition that slows blood flow to brainstem ->
slows impulses sending info to respiraotry centers in brainstem
hypoventilation - Answer: inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands; caused by
alterationsin pulmonary mechanics or in neurologic control of breathing such that minute volume
(tidalxRR) is reduced; CO@ removal does not keep up with CO2 production, PaCO2 >44mmHg, causing
hypercapnia; respiratory acidosis
hyperventilation - Answer: response to hypoxemia, anxiety, pain; lungs remove CO2 at faster rate than
it is produced by cellular metabolism = PaCO2 <36mmHg (hypocapnia); respiratory alkalosis
TB - Answer: transmission through airborne droplets; diagnosed by positive TST/PPD, sputum culture,
immunoassays, and chest XR; +test = yearly XR; individuals who have received BCG will have positive TB
results; nodules, calcifications, cavities, and hilar enlargement are common in upper lobes
TB cultures - Answer: can take up to 6 weeks to become positive when active pulmonary disease is
present
normal aging changes - Answer: loss of elastic recoil
stiffening of chest wall
changes in gas exchange
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