Just noticeable difference jnd - answer✔✔minimum difference in magnitude between two
stimuli before one can perceive this difference
Weber's law - answer✔✔there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude
needed to produce a jnd (higher stimulus will need a larger difference to produce a jnd)
Signal detection theory - answer✔✔changes in out perception of the sam stimuli depending on
both internal and external context (how loud would someone need to yell your name in a crowd
for you to hear their name?)
response bias - answer✔✔subjects respond in a certain way due to non sensory factors
duplexity (duplicity theory of vision) - answer✔✔retina contain two kinds of photoreceptores:
those specialized for light and dark detection and those specialized for color section
cones - answer✔✔used for color vision and sense fine details- most effective in bright light and
comes in 3 forms (blue, red, green)
rods - answer✔✔more functional and only allow sensation of light and dark because they all
contain a single pigment (rhodopsin)- low sensitivity but allow night vision (more rods than
cones)
fovea - answer✔✔center most part of the eye and only contains cones
optic chiasm - answer✔✔fiber from the nasal half of each rating cross paths
parallel processing - answer✔✔ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information
regarding color, shape, and motion
two point threshold - answer✔✔minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation
on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
gate theory of pain - answer✔✔proposes that there is a special gating mechanism that can turn
pain signals on or off, affecting whether or not we perceive pain
Kinesthetic sensation (proprioception) - answer✔✔ability to tell where one's body is in space
Bottom up processing - answer✔✔refers to object recognition by parallel processing and feature
detection- brain takes individual sensory stimuli and combines them together to create a cohesive
image before determining what the object is
top down processing - answer✔✔driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to
recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based on these expectations
(quickly recognize objects without needing to analyze specific parts)
Gestalt principles - answer✔✔law of proximity
law of similarity
law of good continuation
law of closure
law of pragnanz
law of proximity - answer✔✔elects close together tend to be perceived as a unit
law of similarity - answer✔✔objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
law of good continuation - answer✔✔elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to
be grouped together
law of closure - answer✔✔when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a
complete figure
law of pragnanz - answer✔✔perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and
symmetric as possible
associative learning - answer✔✔creation of pairing, or association, wither between two stimuli
or between a behavior or response
classical conditioning - answer✔✔type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological
instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli (dog starts to salivate
when he hears a bell ring due to the fact that when the bell rings he is given a treat)
acquisition - answer✔✔training of a conditioned stimulus
extinction - answer✔✔loss of conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery - answer✔✔weak response is exhibited
generalization - answer✔✔broadening effect of a conditions stimulus (little Albert exhibits fear
of rat and generalizes it to a rabbit)
discrimination - answer✔✔organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli
operant conditioning - answer✔✔links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to
alter the frequency of those behaviors
B.F. skinner - answer✔✔father of behaviorism
reinforcement - answer✔✔process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a
behavior
positive reinforcement - answer✔✔increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or
incentive
negative reinforcement - answer✔✔increase behavior by removing something unpleasant
punishment - answer✔✔used to reduce a behavior
positive punishment - answer✔✔adds unpleasant consequences in response to a behavior to
reduce behavior
negative punishment - answer✔✔reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed (taking
phone away to punish the child)
latent learning - answer✔✔occurs without a reward but this is spontaneously demonstrated once
a reward is introduced
self reference effect - answer✔✔learn the best when put the information into context of our own
lives
shaping - answer✔✔rewarding increasingly specific behaviors
problem-solving - answer✔✔analyze the situation and respond accordingly
preparedness - answer✔✔reward behaviors that are similar to their natural behaviors
instinctive drift - answer✔✔the challenge to teach behavior that is against their natural behaviors
Observational learning - answer✔✔-process of learning a new behavior or gaining information
by watching others (Albert Bandura's Bobo doll: children watched an adult in a room and hit the
doll, the children then demonstrated the same actions later)
- also be used to avoid behavior
mirror neurons - answer✔✔-located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cereal cortex and fire
both when an individual performs an action and when hat individual observes someone else
performing that action
- related to empathy
modeling - answer✔✔learning acceptable behaviors by watching other perform them
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