Exam (elaborations)
Comd 5070 Exam 3 Graded A+
- Course
- Institution
Comd 5070 Exam 3 Graded A+
[Show more]
Content preview
Comd 5070 Exam 3 Graded A+(auditory) feedback in speaking - ANSWER--*can we speak without it? *
-numerous sensory receptors in the vocal tract
-but speech events are rapid, sometimes brief
-ongoing monitoring is too slow
- ongoing closed loop feedback isn't possible for the rapid production of syllables &
phonemes
-feedback essential for learning
-also important for quality control
e.g. adventitious deafness
*How does it help?*
*infants* - very important to learn association between movements & the sounds that
result from those movements
*adults* = feedback is used to maintain the quality of what we are doing & not
necessary for movement to movement monitoring of what we do
3D spectrogram - ANSWER-*how high does frequency display go relative to sample
rate?*
- the sample needs to be *twice the frequency of the highest component* (double the
sample rate)
- maybe give it a little bit more safety margin even beyond that.
*features*
1. time going from left to right on the x-axis
2. frequency y-axis
3. intensity reflected in a darker shade (stronger amplitude) and lighter shade (weaker
amplitude)
acoustic features of stressed words - ANSWER-- to emphasise a syllable or word you
*increase* its *intensity* which * increases* the *fundamental frequency* & *stretch it by
increasing duration*
- theres *prosodic contrast* throughout an utterance
- *rising* & *falling* patterns of *stress* across syllables & words throughout an
utterance
- stress is *driven by* the *respiratory system* (more air pressure from the lungs ,
increases intensity & fundamental frequency at the same time)
- duration is a combination of all
acoustic goal (target) - ANSWER-- specifics of movement control are less important
than the acoustic/ perceptual result
- the sound that comes out of the mouth & the pathway we take to getting that sound
doesnt matter as much as the result, that its perceptibly acceptable to a listener for
comprehension
,- motor equivalence = allows flexibility, more than one way to achieve the goal
ex: bite blocks
adding decibels - ANSWER-*how many dB increases for 2 identical sounds?*
- 6dB increase for 2 identical sounds
1. add pressure
2. compute the dB
ex: 100,000pascal came out to 74dB-because it was 2 cars it would be 200,000 (added
the pressures together)
-the reference number is 20 so, 200,00/20 = 10,000
-then do the log 20x lot (10,000) = 74dB
- because the dB were the same in the beginning it would be 74 + 74 so we dd 6dB so
the answer is 80dB
- using raw uPa would be awkward, thats why we convert to dB
* double sound pressure* add 6dB*
ex: If you add a 50 dB sound to a 50 dB sound, the combined intensity would be = 56dB
aerodynamic target - ANSWER-speech sounds involve regulating pressure & flow
- pressure stability relies on correct valving
- accurately managing pressure in the vocal tract
- needs the right pressure, flow at the right time & context to produce speech accurately
-the valves available determine the ability to maintain pressure accurately
1. the larynx - abduct, adduct
2. uvular fringe - open/close
3. constrictions made with the tongue or lips
affective prosody (emotional prosody) - ANSWER-- emotional prosody
- expression of anger, happiness, surprise in a persons voice
- voice is extremely expressive of a persons emotional state
" don't talk to me in that tone of voice!
aliasing - ANSWER-- one sound is misrepresented as another
• sampling too slowly will inaccurately record the original signal
• you'll miss what happens between samples
• high original frequencies will be improperly recorded as lower frequencies (different
frequency)
• one is the 'alias' of the other
• filtering before digitizing prevents this
• set filter to Nyquist frequency
Anti-aliasing - ANSWER-• filtering before digitizing prevents aliasing (taking on different
frequencies)
• set filter to Nyquist frequency
• frequencies above this deleted• they cannot contaminate recording
• most modern recording systems do the filtering for you automatically
, -low pass filtering the signal any info above the nyguist frequency is lost, but thats okay
because its of low importance and wont mess up the recording
articulatory gesture (target) - ANSWER-- vocal tract configurations correspond to
sounds (Emphasizes specific movements of the vocal tract during speech production.)
- movement patters stored for retrieval & use
- movements of vocal tract are the goal
- movements are accurately produced (The goals is accurate production of the vocal
tract movements (tongue, lip, jaw).
-Each motion is stored in the brain for retrieval and future use in speech.
-These stored gestures contribute to forming speech sounds and patterns.
articulatory undershoot - ANSWER-articulators don't necessarily meet the targets we
would predict them to meet
- speaking more naturally -> smaller articulatory movements
- "cutting corners" - what happens when rapid speech occurs.
1. example : vowel production, the tongue may not move as far as expected to when
produced in isolation
- It's common for the articulatory configuration particularly for the corner vowels, /a/,
/i/, /u/, /ae/, to be undershot or not quite achieved when the person is producing normal
speech.
-We call this vowel neutralization because the position of the tongue is a little closer to
the neutral vowel /a/ in the middle of the vocal tract.
ex: An analogy would be someone skiing down a slalom run
aspiration - ANSWER-*where is the sound created*
- may follow a voiceless stop
- only seen in CV contexts
- vocal folds begin to adduct & as they are coming together the air between creates
turbulence
- moving air becomes turbulent at *glottis* which generates a noise
- this noise occurs at the glottis because the VF are not yet together and the air is
rushing through a narrow space
- *only seen in the context of a voiceless stop*
backward (retentive) - ANSWER-Later sound is influenced by earlier sound.
- ex: "no"
- "o" is somewhat nasalized because of the specification of the consonant "n"
band pass filter - ANSWER-allows a band of frequencies through
- holds back both higher and lower frequencies
band reject filter - ANSWER-holds back a band of frequencies
- allows both higher and lower frequencies
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller LUCKYSTAR2022. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73314 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now