PSIO 303 EXAM 1 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% SCORE)
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Course
PSIO 303
Institution
PSIO 303
PSIO 303 EXAM 1 TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100% SCORE)
Why would cells have a tendency to swell? - Answer️️ -Because
cytoplasm contains negatively charged proteins that cannot exit, so
cells naturally gain water and swell
What prevents cells from actually swelling? - Answer️️ -It is
...
PSIO 303 EXAM 1 TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100% SCORE)
Why would cells have a tendency to swell? - Answer✔️✔️-Because
cytoplasm contains negatively charged proteins that cannot exit, so
cells naturally gain water and swell
What prevents cells from actually swelling? - Answer✔️✔️-It is
effectively impossible for sodium to enter the cell (due to pump and
lack of sodium channels). There is a high sodium ion concentration
outside the cell which prevents water from entering in the cell
What happens when Na+ homeostasis fails? - Answer✔️✔️-Cells gain
water and swell
What is paracrine signaling? - Answer✔️✔️-When the hormone
released from a cell acts on a neighboring cell
What is endocrine signaling? - Answer✔️✔️-hormones released from a
cell affect other cells throughout the body
What is autocrine signaling? - Answer✔️✔️-cell signals itself
What is the response of a typical cell when potassium channel
close? - Answer✔️✔️-Depolarization
Why is sodium ion concentration low inside the cell? - Answer✔️✔️-1)
Impermeability of the membrane
Do vesicles have lipid membranes? - Answer✔️✔️-Yes
What are peripheral membrane proteins? - Answer✔️✔️-proteins that
bind to the membrane without passing through it (usually
noncovalently bonded to an integral membrane protein)
What are integral proteins? - Answer✔️✔️--Proteins that penetrate
the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.
-Have membrane spanning domains
-Some are linked to membrane phospholipids or fatty acids
What are the characteristics of phosphoglycerides (phospholipids)? -
Answer✔️✔️-1) Amphipathic
2) Main lipid constituent of plasma membrane
3) Glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acyl tails in ester linkage + one polar
head group (can have various sizes of head groups)
What are sphingolipids? - Answer✔️✔️-phospholipids built on a
sphingosine backbone
What are glycosphingolipids? - Answer✔️✔️-They have a sphingosine
backbone, a sugar, and a fatty acid tail
What are sphingomyelins? - Answer✔️✔️-Sphingolipids where the
head group is phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine.
What are the characteristics of sphingolipids? - Answer✔️✔️-1)
Amphipathic
2) Sphingosine backbone (1 tail) + 1 fatty acid tail + polar head
group composed of a carbohydrate (ganglioside) or a phosphate
ester of an alcohol (sphingomyelin)
What is the width of the lipid bilayer? - Answer✔️✔️-5-6nm
What are the characteristics of cholesterol? - Answer✔️✔️-1)
Amphipathic
4) Wedges into bilayer and has effect on fluidity by interacting with
hydrocarbon groups on phospholipid tails
What are the two ways that lipids can move within the bilayer? -
Answer✔️✔️-Lateral diffusion and rotation
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty
acids? - Answer✔️✔️-Saturated = no double bonds
Unsaturated = one or more double bonds
What are the matrix binding domains of proteins? - Answer✔️✔️--
Ensure that proteins don't move around and that they are attached
to their anchored positions
What are the two parameters that the resting membrane potential
depends on? - Answer✔️✔️-1) Ion gradients
2) Ion channels (membrane permeability)
What are the concentrations of Na+ and K+ inside and outside the
cell? - Answer✔️✔️-Na+: Low inside the cell, high outside the cell
K+: High inside the cell, low outside the cell
Are K+ channels present in all cells? - Answer✔️✔️-Yes
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