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PUBH 201 FINAL (Ch. 16-31) questions with correct answers
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PUBH 201 FINAL (Ch. 16-31) questions with correct answers
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PUBH 201 FINAL (Ch. 16-31)BMI - correct answer ✔✔- height (meters) divided by weight (kilograms) squared
- Healthy BMI is below 25
- BMI between 25 and 29.9 is overweight
- BMI of 30 and above is obese
SES & overweight - correct answer ✔✔- Higher SES is associated with lower rates of overweight and
obesity, especially among women
- Lower SES is associated with more inactivity
- Higher injury rates in groups with lower SES
- low SES increases risk: Environmental hazards, Poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illegal drugs, Social
factors (young maternal age, violence, stress, lack of social support), Lack of prenatal care
WHR (waist/hip ratio) - correct answer ✔✔Pear shape vs. apple shape
Fat distribution is measured as a waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
waist measured at the smallest point and the hips at the widest point around the buttocks
Overweight in children - correct answer ✔✔- Prevalence of overweight among 6- to 19-year-olds
increased from 5% to 15% between 1960s and 2000
- High prevalence among Mexican American boys and African American girls
- Type 2 diabetes is being diagnosed in children
New pyramid - correct answer ✔✔Fruits, Grains, Vegetables, Protein, Dairy
- half the plate should consist of fruits and vegetables, and at least half the grains should be whole grains
Ecological model - correct answer ✔✔- Ecological model of health behavior to create a social
environment that favors healthier eating (making nutritious foods more readily available, providing a
,greater choice of low-fat and low-calorie foods, offer "heart healthy" selections on the menu, worksite
and school cafeterias provide healthy food choices including salad bars)
-Physical Activity Ecological Model: motivate individuals to be more active
FOOF GUIDE PYRAMID: Grains, Vegetables, Fruits, Milk/Dairy, Meat and Beans
Breastfeeding & obesity - correct answer ✔✔- Health advantages for both mother and infant.
- Breastfeeding has a long-term protective effect against obesity in children.
- It also helps the mother to lose weight she gained during pregnancy
- Breastfeeding can help protect children against being overweight
Fast food lawsuits - correct answer ✔✔- lawsuit against McDonald's by obese teenagers was laughed out
of court = lawyers see potential for challenging food companies on deceptive advertising and marketing
practices
- lawsuit against the Kellogg Company and the makers of the television show SpongeBob SquarePants for
using the cartoon character to sell sweetened cereals, Pop Tarts, and cookies to children under 8. Kellogg
then agreeing that foods advertised on media targeted at children should meet certain nutrition
standards
Benefits of exercise - correct answer ✔✔- Exercise promotes health independent of weight control
- prevent heart disease, high blood pressure/reduce blood pressure, improves cholesterol, diabetes,
cancer
- protects against cardiovascular disease, heart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis
- reduce type 2 diabetes
- improves survival and quality of life among individuals
Environmental modifications - correct answer ✔✔- Remove environmental barriers and provide places
to exercise
- Suburban lifestyle - must drive everywhere
- Build sidewalks, walking trails, bike paths, Mall walking in shopping malls
,- Police surveillance and neighborhood watches in high-crime neighborhoods
Groups at risk for injuries - correct answer ✔✔Higher injury rates in groups with lower SES
Males have higher injury rates than females
Blacks have higher injury rates than whites
injury pyramid: Deaths, Hospitalizations - include long-term disability, Emergency department visits,
Episodes of injuries reported - correct answer ✔✔Deaths - 192,945
Hospital discharges - 2.36 million
Emergency Department Visits - 43.0 million
Episodes of injuries reported - 82.6 million
- The age group at highest risk for hospitalization and death from TBIs is individuals 75 years and older,
while the greatest number of emergency department visits are by children aged 4 and under. Leading
causes of injuries are falls, followed by being hit by an object and motor vehicle crashes, the latter
including drivers, passengers, pedestrians, motorcyclists, and bicyclists
intentional & unintentional injuries - correct answer ✔✔Intentional: homicide and suicide
More than half suicides, about 40% homicides, others unintentional
primary, secondary, & tertiary prevention of accidents - correct answer ✔✔Primary prevention -
conditions prevailing before the event (alcohol, anger,- defective breaks, - dark, rain...)
Secondary prevention - conditions prevailing during the event (airbag, seat belt, divided highway)
Tertiary prevention - availability and quality of emergency care
3 E's: Education (alcohol consumption, manage anger...), Enforcement ( state and federal regulations on
flammability of fabrics), Engineering (childproof caps, smoke detectors) - correct answer
✔✔EDUCATION:
- Injury control methods that target the driver depend on education (alcohol plays a major role in fatal
crashes)
, - Poisoning: better communication and education of healthcare providers to warn them of the risks and
inform them how to recognize patients who may be prone to abuse
- violence prevention and youth development programs, education to promote nonviolent resolution of
arguments
- high-risk pregnancies are those common in poor neighborhoods: young maternal age and low maternal
education
ENFORCEMENT:
- Injury control methods that target the driver depend on enforcement (alcohol plays a major role in fatal
crashes)
- Pedestrians, Motorcyclists, Bicyclists: stricter enforcement of speed limits, the rate of death and severe
injuries among pedestrians fell by 60%
- Poisoning: Drug Enforcement Agency, which registers physicians and pharmacies that handle opiates
and tracks the buying and selling of these drugs
ENGINEERING:
- Engineering could protect occupants during a crash. It lead to automobile design (headrests that
protect their occupants during rear-end collisions, strengthened sidebars to protect occupants during
side crashes, and airbags)
- Seat belts: engineering measures require people to use them correctly
- Engineering has not been widely applied in the prevention of firearms injuries. Safety catches can be
used to make guns childproof
Seat belts - correct answer ✔✔- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) set safety
standards for new cars, such as installation of seat belts
- The use of seat belts has been shown to reduce fatalities by 40 to 50%
- Child safety seats can reduce the risk of a child's being killed during a collision or sudden stop by 71%
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - correct answer ✔✔empowered to set
standards, inspect workplaces, and impose penalties for workplace hazards
Nat'l institute of occupational safety and health (NIOSH) - correct answer ✔✔conduct research,
recommend standards, and conduct hazard evaluations
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