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PUBH 201 Midterm #2 questions with answers(updated0
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PUBH 201 Midterm #2 questions with answers(updated0
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PUBH 201 Midterm #2incidence rate - correct answer ✔✔New (incident) cases of a disease that occur during a specified period
of time in a population at risk for developing the disease
prevalence rate - correct answer ✔✔Provides a snapshot or a slice through the population at a point in
time at which we determine who has the disease and who does not
mortality rate - correct answer ✔✔Incidence of death in a population during a specific period of time
what rates are most useful in assessing the societal impact of a disease and planning for healthcare
services - correct answer ✔✔prevalence rate
incidence rate formula - correct answer ✔✔(number of new cases in a time period/size of at-risk
populations at midpoint of time period) x K
prevalence rate formula - correct answer ✔✔(# cases of disease present in population at specified
time)/(# persons in population at specified time who are at risk)
mortality rate formula - correct answer ✔✔
p-value - correct answer ✔✔The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically
significant (not due to chance).
when p<.05 it usually means that a result is significant.
confidence interval - correct answer ✔✔a range of values so defined that there is a specified probability
that the value of a parameter lies within it.
differential statistics - correct answer ✔✔Statistics that tell how confident a person can be in making
inferences about a population based on findings obtained from a sample
,descriptive statistics - correct answer ✔✔numerical data used to describe the data in a study
inferential statistics - correct answer ✔✔numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from
sample data the probability of something being true of a population
Types of descriptive statistics - correct answer ✔✔frequency, measures of central tendency (mean,
median, and mode), dispersion of variation (rand, variance, s.d.) ,Measures of position (percentiles)
measures of central tendency - correct answer ✔✔mean, median, mode
Measures of dispersion - correct answer ✔✔range, variance, standard deviation
normal distribution - correct answer ✔✔
Standard deviation; what it says about the data - correct answer ✔✔Average degree to which
participant's scores differ from mean. Spread of scores from the mean. This measures variability
Power of a study and what effects it - correct answer ✔✔The probability of finding an effect if there is
one. Large number confer power; studies with low power are likely to produce false-negative results
Importance of age-adjusted rates - correct answer ✔✔a way to make fairer comparisons between
groups with different age distributions. For example, a county having a higher percentage of elderly
people may have a higher rate of death or hospitalization than a county with a younger population,
merely because the elderly are more likely to die or be hospitalized.
2 economic evaluation analyses - correct answer ✔✔cost-benefit analysis vs cost-effectiveness analysis
cost-benefit analysis - correct answer ✔✔weighs the estimated cost of implementing a policy against the
estimated benefit, usually in monetary terms
-costs are easier to calculate than benefits
-what monetary value can we put on a life saved?
, -analysis is often controversial
Cost-effectiveness analysis - correct answer ✔✔compares cost per unit of outcome or vice versa
compares the efficiency of different methods of attaining the same objective
forms of environmental hazards - correct answer ✔✔Chemical substance=mercury from mining/cholera
in unsafe water
Energy=light/ noise
forms of pollution and examples - correct answer ✔✔chemical=cleaners, pesticides, fuels, paints
biological=pneumonia, diptheria, flu, rotavirus
physical=heat waves, earthquakes, fires, landslides
primary pollutants - correct answer ✔✔direct products of combustion and evaporation
primary pollutants examples - correct answer ✔✔Particulates, VOCs, CO, NOx, SO2, lead, air toxics
secondary pollutants - correct answer ✔✔formed by primary pollutants undergoing physical or chemical
changes
secondary pollutants examples - correct answer ✔✔Ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrates, sulfuric and nitric
acids
harms and effects of air pollutants - correct answer ✔✔Air pollution can kill a person already weakened
from other diseases-
-Moderate air pollution can trigger heart attacks in people with heart disease
-Diesel: a likely human carcinogen
-Benzene: clearly correlated with cancer
-Linked to leukemia, blood disorders, damaged immune systems
-SO2: leads to bronchitis
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