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Advanced Pathology NR 507- final exam with correct ANSWERS ().
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Advanced Pathology NR 507- final exam with correct ANSWERS ().
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Advanced Pathology NR 507- final examwith correct ANSWERS (2024-2025)
Angle of His - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes
gastro esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ A digestive disease in which
stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro
esophageal junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles around the
stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia, gastroparesis, and
obesity
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic GERD
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
Barrett's esophagus - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the
stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's esophagus
,diaphram - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ skeletal
muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ skeletal
and smooth muscle
the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ smooth
muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ result from the blockage of the
intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of inorganic
objects that become lodged within the intestine.
intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in children less
than 2 years of age,
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic ileus
peptic ulcer disease - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the
lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus
(esophageal ulcer)
,form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ to liquify food by churning it and using
enzymes and acid to assist in the breakdown
pylorus - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the
duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ secrets mucosa rich in
bicarbonate - it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
parietal cells - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
chief cells - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the
action of hydrochloric acid
G-cells - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ releases gastrin
submucosa - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ on top of mucosa
, contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels
Muscularis Externa - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ on top of the submucosa
three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis
serosa - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ on top of muscularis externa
outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs
Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Good: "defense
system"
bicarb = coats and protects cells
prostaglandins = regulates perfusion to stomach and mucus to release bicarb, controls acid amount
secreted by parietal cells
Bad: "toxic system"
ulcer (H. Pylori, NSAIDs, etc) = acid penetrates mucosa = histamine released = parietal cells release
even more HCL acid = more stomach irritation
HCL acid via parietal cells + Pepsinogen via chief cells = pepsin
Heliobacter pylori - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ spiral shaped bacteria that is the cause of most
gastric ulcers
produces urease which breaks down urea = ammonia & carbon dioxide = neutralizes acid and
breaks down mucosa
spreads through oral/oral or oral/fecal
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